Binge Drinking In Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay

Hard-core boozing In Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay Hostile to social practices, for example, hard-core boozing in adolescents and youthful grown-ups have been a major issue and furthermore contributed altogether to the death rates in United Kingdom. Hitting the bottle hard is related with non modifiable hazard factors, for example, age, sex and modifiable hereditary inclination just as modifiable hazard factors, for example, smoking, viciousness, assault and medication misuse. The control of hard-core boozing among these youthful grown-ups is significant in forestalling any type of hazard factors that could harm their way of life or become a danger to nature and family. Proposition have been made by the UK Department of Health (DoH) with respect to the present worries of hazard and expanding predominance of hitting the bottle hard among youngsters and youthful grown-ups. Potential choices for activity have been proposed and accessible bits of proof are utilized to talk about issues, for example, instruction, correspondence, working with the Government and furthermore working with the neighborhood business. It is suggested that there ought to be an electronic evaluation application that will assist with creating electronic criticism like that of the e-Nudge preliminary is been created and received. It is likewise suggested that if the Government could work with the well behaved powers in UK to decrease hitting the bottle hard among these subgroups It is suggested that further research ought to be completed to examine the cost adequacy of these proposals and the possibility. Foundation Reviews with youngsters in the United States, United Kingdom and other European nations have reported that youthful and juvenile is common in hitting the bottle hard. Cahalan and Crossley (1969) characterized hitting the bottle hard as taking at any rate five mixed beverages devoured during a meeting. Extensive College Alcohol Study (CAS) in Harvard School of Public Health led an examination and furthermore re-characterized hard-core boozing as five beverages for men and four beverages for ladies on a solitary event inside the previous fourteen days (Davenport, Wechsler, Dowdall, Castillo and Moeykens, 2004). Hitting the bottle hard is a significant general wellbeing and security issue and its related with wellbeing dangers, for example, coronary illness (CHD) and cardiovascular coronary illness (CVD), and the momentary impacts incorporates viciousness, mishaps, assault cases and hostile to social practices (ASB). Hostile to social practices (ASB) have fundamentally added to worldwide mortality and have been anticipated to cause more harm if not controlled. For such a large number of adolescents and young people in UK and which are additionally impacted by peer pressure, they have picked hitting the bottle hard as a major aspect of their way of life and these way of life could be unwinding with companions in an open situation, bar, party or at home. Home office has completed two investigations which was the connection between hitting the bottle hard and the hazard factors among 18-25 years. The principal study (Richardson and Budd, 2003) inspected the connection between a hostile conduct and hitting the bottle hard while the subsequent examination (Engineer et al., 2003) was to measure between the social setting of hard-core boozing and the key discoveries were: The majority of the gorge consumers were men (48%) than ladies (31%); There was a solid connection between been hostile and drinking, and furthermore causing solid fierce wrongdoings after been tanked; A large portion of the gorge consumers (60%) conceded been associated with an awful conduct after or during drinking which was contrasted with the 25% of ordinary consumers. The current enormous, populace based examination endeavors to address the issues on the solid connection between abstract wellbeing and gorge consumers. Choices for activity There are various methodologies that could be embraced in actualizing the new program. These choices must be viable and furthermore diminish the present worry in hard-core boozing. It is additionally set out that these alternatives should work with the business, law authorization organizations, networks, and the Government. They are: An enhancement for the authorization on youngsters drinking in broad daylight spots and conditions; Working with the businesses To help the adolescents in settling on an insightful choice on liquor These alternatives will require the Government to truly intercede just if the Governments intercession is cognizant, key, supported and estimated. Survey of Evidence It is an illicit demonstration in UK when an underage (under 18) purchases or goes to the bar to have liquor either if the liquor is purchased by them or another person that is more established than 18 years of age. The present Government rules by National Health Service (NHS) expresses that the typical admission of liquor for that of men is 3-4 units in a day while that of ladies is 2-3 units in a day. School of doctors (2002) had a report on hard-core boozing and characterized hitting the bottle hard as the admission of liquor either a man or a lady of at least 10 than 10 units in a solitary meeting. The new national liquor hurt decrease system characterized hard-core boozing as having liquor of 6 units or more for ladies and at least 8 units for men. The greater part as indicated by Strategy Unit (2003) of the youthful grown-ups take liquor underneath 14/21 units for each week, 6.4 million individuals knock back the firewater up to 35/50 units for every week, 1.8 million individuals hit the bottle hard more than 35/50 units for every week. It was additionally recorded that the youthful grown-ups inside the age of 16-24 are delegated gorge consumers having the level of men (half) and ladies (42%). The general population is worried about this despicable demonstration and the Government needs to take care of business since this sort of drinking put youthful and adolescents in danger just as making issues for other people, which might prompt wrongdoing. Fuller E (2006) had an extent where the age scope of 11-15 years of age that drink in the city and in broad daylight places has expanded from 21% to 31% in the year 1999 to 2006. Moreover for the Government to mediate to assume liability of youngsters drinking out in the open, the Hom e office should give a prompt request to the police and the guardians whose kids that continually drink out in the open will likewise must be addressed so conditions like exacting observing of the childs conduct should be met. The focal job of the liquor business is generous and variable personality in the UK society and economy. Hitting the bottle hard doesn't just make an individual powerless against peril and mischief yet additionally harm the wellbeing of the individual which could prompt both short and long haul sickness. For in the course of the only remaining century record, the liquor utilization in UK has raised which makes UK to fall in the center contrasted with other European nations. The methodology of working with the distilleries or ventures requires a solid connection between families, networks, the open administrations, for example, the National Health Service (NHS) and the police, the people and the Government. There is likewise a reasonable view when Government gets the opportunity to work with the business at a national level to present a plan or a law that would work to a lot of norms that will assist with advancing best practice in England. This arrangement must be set up as a law in various manners and furthermore actualized. They are; To ensure that the retailers don't offer to an underage and anyone found or discovered doing such should confront a quick arraignment. Actualize the utilization of Proof of Age Standard Scheme (PASS) among the youthful grown-ups, retailers and the guardians. To help the police to shut down any bar/shop when it has been recognized for making issues in people in general. Youngsters are additionally exceptionally affected by liquor adverts either on TV or in the radio which is likewise the key focuses to address hard-core boozing among adolescents and youthful grown-ups. Crafted by Drink mindful Trust in a model that has been done in the UK to assist battle with gorging drinking. The youthful adolescents themselves should be energized, exhorted and upheld when settling on a choice on taking liquor. They should be told on the impact, hurt, the likely hazard and furthermore get all the proper data about hitting the bottle hard. The requirement for a crusade or a workshop on moderate drinking and not drink to become inebriated. The point ought to be tied in with acquiring change culture, a postponement in age when youngsters should begin drinking and to the individuals who has decided to take part in drinking, to be exhorted on the lower hazard way which ought to be the objective. The Government ought to likewise contact kids and youngsters in schools about liquor training and furthermore medicates. Suggestion In light of the sum total of what that has been talked about, the accompanying proposals ought to be thought of: Improving the ID procedure in the wellbeing framework since it presents assortment of passageways for those with hitting the bottle hard; The utilization of screening and brief mediation for recognizing the degree of liquor utilization utilizing a poll as an apparatus for the overview; and The methodology of implementation which will be an unmistakable lawful system forestalling the offer of liquor to under 21s. The Government can present a national personality cards plot, helpful and secure method of giving and deciding age when youthful grown-ups or adolescents wish to buy age limited items, for example, liquor. The expansion in mindfulness with respect to the significance old enough, condition, and sexual orientation ought to likewise be advanced particularly among ethnic minority gatherings and the socially denied through culture and language touchy wellbeing instruction projects and adverts. Usage of strategy to empower the hazard behind hitting the bottle hard for every single youthful grown-up in the UK ought to likewise be thought of. These would at last help the Minister of State for Public wellbeing and Department of Health to lessen hitting the bottle hard. Proposal In view of the sum total of what that has been examined, the accompanying proposals ought to be thought of; Halting youthful and adolescents in drinking anyplace that is open by giving the police to capture under 18s who drink and act hostile to socially, issue direction to the wellbeing and youthful grown-ups administrations, the police t

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

Making Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions Educators are confronted with composing target tests and tests consistently. The fundamental kinds of target addresses that instructors normally decide to incorporate are different decision, coordinating, genuine bogus, and fill-in-the-clear. Most instructors endeavor to get a blend of these sorts of inquiries so as to best cover the targets that were a piece of the exercise plan. Fill-in-the-clear inquiries are a typical kind of inquiry because of their simplicity of creation and helpfulness in classes over the educational plan. They are viewed as a target question in light of the fact that there is just a single conceivable answer that is right. Questions Stems: who (is, was)what (is)when (did)where (did) These stems are ordinarily used to gauge a wide assortment of generally straightforward aptitudes and explicit information. These incorporate the: Information on termsKnowledge of standards, strategies, or proceduresKnowledge of explicit factsSimple translation of information There are various preferences to fill-in-the-clear inquiries. They give a great way to estimating explicit information, they decrease speculating by the understudies, and they power the understudy to flexibly the appropriate response. At the end of the day, educators can get a genuine vibe for what their understudies really know. These inquiries function admirably over an assortment of classes. Following are a couple of models: Math educators utilize these inquiries when they need the understudy to give the appropriate response without indicating their work. Model: : The nuclear number of Oxygen is _____.Language Arts instructors can utilize these inquiries to recognize statements, characters, and other essential ideas. Model: I am the Canterbury Tales traveler who was hitched multiple times. _____.Foreign language educators discover these kinds of inquiries helpful on the grounds that they permit the instructor to judge not just the understudies comprehension of a specific word yet in addition how it ought to be composed. Model: Jai _____ (hungry). Building Excellent Fill-In-The-Blank Questions Fill-in-the-clear inquiries appear to be very simple to make. With these sorts of inquiries, you don't need to concoct answer decisions as you accomplish for different decision questions. Nonetheless, despite the fact that they give off an impression of being simple, understand that there are various issues that may emerge while making these kinds of inquiries. Following are a few hints and proposals that you can use as you compose these inquiries for your group appraisals. Just use fill-in-the-clear inquiries for testing significant focuses, not explicit details.Indicate the units and level of accuracy anticipated. For instance, on a math question whose answer is various decimal spots, ensure that you state what number of decimal spots you need the understudy to include.Omit just keywords.Avoid such a large number of spaces in a single thing. It is ideal to just have a couple of spaces for understudies to fill in per question.When conceivable, put spaces close to the finish of the item.Do not give pieces of information by changing the length of the clear or the quantity of spaces. At the point when you have wrapped up the evaluation, make certain to take the appraisal yourself. That will assist you with being sure that each question has just a single conceivable answer. This is a typical slip-up that regularly prompts additional work on your part. Confinements of Fill-In-The-Blank Questions There are various confinements that educators ought to comprehend when utilizing fill-in-the-clear inquiries: They are poor for estimating complex learning errands. Rather, they are normally utilized for general information inquiries on the most reduced degrees of Blooms Taxonomy.They must be composed explicitly and cautiously (similarly as with all items).A word bank can give precise data similarly just as an evaluation without a word bank.Students who are poor spellers may encounter issues. It is significant for you to choose if that spelling is going to represent a mark against the understudy and if so for what number of focuses. Understudy Strategies for Answering Fill-in-the-Blank Try not to address an inquiry until you have perused it as far as possible through.Always do the simplest and most clear inquiries first.Pay thoughtfulness regarding the language of the inquiry (action word tense) as a cluePay consideration regarding a word bank (on the off chance that one is given) and utilize the procedure of eliminationRead through after each response to ensure it sounds right.

Heres a Few Dos and Donts on Your SIPA Application COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Heres a Few Dos and Donts on Your SIPA Application COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We know youre in the thick of preparing your applications. Here are a few pointers on how to apply. Remember, our next deadline is coming up fast on January 5th, 2018. Dont miss out on SIPA fellowship aid consideration and submit your app by this date. We are also in the process of reviewing our Early Action applications; decisions will be released by early January! Dos 1. Take your time on creating the Quantitative Resume This part of the SIPA application may seem like a chore, but it’s important for the admissions committee to really understand the applicants quantitative background. You can also use this section to showcase any research that you have done, professional work or classes that you have taken to bolster your quantitative background. My best advice is take your time on this section and make sure it is polished! 2. Take advantage of the Optional Essay Applicants often ask if it is crucial to fill out this section of the application…..and the answer is it all depends. If you have anything that you are concerned about on your application, like your GRE Scores, a low GPA, or not having enough work experience, this is where you can really take the time to explain yourself. The admissions committee will not make any assumptions on your application and this is the opportunity that you have to fill in those gaps or red flags. Don’ts 1. Avoid having a vague Personal Essay Statement This is the one section of your application you will be able to show your personality and convey your goals post-graduate school. The more confident and specific you can be in your personal statement the better it will be for you to tell your story. I would say avoid listing all of your accomplishments from your resume because believe it or not, it happens and it’s not compelling to read. 2. Make sure you address your essays and tailor personal statements to SIPA and not another school We understand that most applicants are also applying to other graduate programs in addition to SIPA, however, it is important applicants are diligent and address their essay to the correct school. The last thing that you want to happen is to submit a very generic essay and then address it to the wrong school.

The Life And Success Of Jean Piaget. By. Jasmine Simmons.

The Life and Success of Jean Piaget By Jasmine Simmons Harris Stowe State University EDUC 0223 (01) Introduction: Jean William Fritz Piaget born (August 9th 1896 – September 6th1980) in Neuchatel, Switzerland, would become one of the worlds best Philosopher and Psychologist. One of his best works was the Cognitive Development on children which is also used in today’s way of how a child learns as well as the Binet Intelligent Test which is still used in today’s school system. Piaget was a very inquisitive child and began his scientific research at the age of 11. He found it very interested at a very young age how a child learn and think. Born to a Swiss father and French mother, Jean Piaget was the oldest child. His father, Arthur†¦show more content†¦Also during the 1920s, Piaget worked with 2 other scientists; Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet to study more on how a child learn and the certain connections between a child’s age and the natures of his errors. (Jean Piaget Biograghy). This study grew more interest about how a child learn for Jean Piaget and he also found out that during this study that most younger children seem to make a lot more mistakes than older children or young adults. â€Å"Factual knowledge should not be equated with intelligence or understanding.† -Jean Piaget (biograpghy.com Editors, 2017) Piaget allowed children to learn from their mistakes and explain to him what they learn from it. He then came to the conclusion that children mistakes are innocently made from lack of experience. Piaget also believed in social interaction with children as well, building a strong foundation and relation with children in order for them to learn. Piaget got married in 1923 to a woman by the name of Valerie Chatenay and had 3 children that he also did many cognitive studies on. This study lasted until 1929 and he then became the Director of the International Bureau of Education. During his time of this study, he also was drafted in the annual ‘Director’s Speech for the IBE Council’ every year as well as the

The Public School System Is Made Up Of A Diverse Group Of...

The public school system is made up of a diverse group of individuals that have the same common goal, to learn. Schools have the task of educating and meeting the academic and social needs of all students regardless of their learning ability. Most students are able to successfully survive with the general population and receive the same services as their peers. There are some students that require additional resources and services to be able to learn and access the curriculum. Students with disabilities are those students that have been tested and meet the criteria to be identified to receive specialized educational services. During the early 2000’s students with exceptionalities were mainstreamed into the regular classroom setting and everyone knew who they were. They usually didn’t attend the class every day and didn’t have to complete the assignments that all of the other students had to complete. They would generally come late to class, leave early, and sometimes have someone with them. No one made fun of them because all the students knew that they were â€Å"special† and accepted them as part of the class. There were other students that were in the school that students knew was there but they never attended the classes with everyone else. They would change classes but never would have books and also seem to never have homework or the daily struggles that most of the students had. The general population had no idea that they were identified as students withShow MoreRelatedRalph Ellison s Invisible Man1268 Words   |  6 Pagesyet, in the meantime offering the pursuer a look into his one of a kind view of the occasions that occur all throughout the novel. As the novel unfolds it turns out to be clear to the audience that anonymous storyteller is an extremely gullible individual, who, because of his honesty, is living to satisfy the indiscreet desires of others. 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“The Evacuation of Children in World War Two Was a Great Success” Free Essays

How far do the sources you have used support this interpretation of evacuation in World War Two? (25 marks) Before the War in September 1939, the government understood the risk of air raids and the danger they bring upon major cities in England. Plans for evacuation started as early as 15 years before in 1924; the Air Raid Precaution Committee (ARPC) identified London as the main target, with children as the biggest concern.The government identified, after the ARPC produced a report on the potential disasters of air raid attacks in 1925, that maintaining civilian morale was a priority, and that the fear of bombing would bring it down. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Evacuation of Children in World War Two Was a Great Success† or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, to prevent low morale (and also to ensure safety for what would be the future generation and social regeneration of Britain), the technique of evacuation was introduced. ‘Success’, in this case, is somewhat difficult to measure as it is a broad term when it comes to asking if it can be seen as a success in terms of numbers: ‘did the government send out as many people as they hoped to? or as a question of the success in the ‘well being of the evacuees’, and questioned as the overall safety of the evacuees: if death and casualty had been avoided/prevented. These sources help to show whether or not evacuation in World War Two was a ‘success’. Evacuation can be seen as a success if the evacuees, specifically children were ‘happy’. This is important as being considered ‘successful’ as whether or not they were treated well and were happy would influence the public morale of the citizens remaining in the city.For example, source one shows a group of children with their accompanying teacher in a Berkshire village, 1939. They appear to be ‘happy’ and well looked after; they seem well dressed and smiling in a peaceful, unthreatening looking setting, safely away from the danger of bombs/air raids. Also, as a teacher is shown to be with them, success id further proven in that the government managed to continue educational services throughout the operation (this point is additionally shown in sources three and four).This suggests evacuation was a success. Though, as the photo shows evacuation in a positive light, it could suggest a propaganda element. However, though possible, it seems unlikely that the photo is staged making it reliable to determine evacuation as a success through child ‘well-being’ and happiness. Furthermore, a view of it being successful in this way is source three, a newspaper extract from Kent, September 1939. The overall impression given is that evacuation was very much a successful operation.According to the source for the majority, it was a ‘happy adventure and homesickness quickly fled’. Again, this suggests success in the well being of the evacuees, though the source goes on to show this further saying that children were ‘eating high teas beyond their dreams and went up to bedrooms larger than thought possible’. From this we can infer that evacuation was a success in the way that children were living better out in the countryside not only for safety, but for lifestyle as well.However, this source is much less reliable that source one as it appears to be in fact very biased as a newspaper trying to imply the best out of evacuation to keep morale high, so it is harder to derive a conclusion of success from the source. Another way in which success is shown through the sources is that evacuation did the job that it was set out to do: to protect the children, and those who are at most risk, from the danger of war, specifically bombing in the city. Source five is a picture showing a bombed school playground in London.From this, we can infer that this is an example of what the government was trying to move children/evacuees away from. It also shows how, being a school playground, children were indeed at risk, thus, by sending the children away, they were, as far as we know, doing a good job of keeping them safe. Overall, this source shows that evacuation was successful as we can infer that children would clearly be safer out of the city, thus justifying evacuation itself. To further justify evacuation and therefore show its success in keeping evacuees safe, source six shows casualties in Liverpool.It shows that the death rate was generally over 100 and even in May 1941, at 1453. Again, this justifies the need to evacuate and the safety achieved through evacuation. Finally, sources three shows the success in evacuation as the sources show effectiveness and good organisation as a success of evacuation. This encompasses overall efficiency and pre-evacuation planning. To be able to transport the huge amount of 1million (intended 4million) to the countryside required this efficiency and overall, sources three and source two mention the efficiency and order of the transport (trains) and organisation in the countryside.In source three, a newspaper article from Kent, says that the departures were efficient, reflecting that it was seen to that ‘each child got milk and food’, and followed up with ‘no confusion’. Even source two, though showing evacuation in a negative way, also comments that the trains ‘ran to time’ and that evacuation came ‘complete with teachers’. Having teachers is shown in sources one, three and four as well. In source one, it is shown as a teacher with a group of children, in three there are mentioned ‘teachers in charge’ and in four, the graph shows about 103,000 teachers were evacuated.The fact that they were able to organise having teachers for the children, as well as having sufficient transport for a million people, shows great planning and effectiveness of the evacuation programme as a success in World War Two. On the other hand, evacuation can be seen as unsuccessful through the sources. One point is that of numbers; according to source four, ‘4 million had been planned for but only 1. 5million went’.Source four is most probably reliable as it is a textbook extract, with the main aim of ‘to inform’, and thus the historian writing this has no reason to twist the truth. Even though this shows efficiency, it shows how evacuation was not successful, as it didn’t go according to government’s plans. It also could suggest that the public didn’t see quite the same urgency to evacuate as the government. This interpretation is further shown as one of the sources is a propaganda poster discouraging mothers to bring their children back to the city.This shows this unsuccessful side to evacuation as it shows that mothers needed this encouragement though posters. This shows how evacuation was unsuccessful in encouraging the public. Source seven suggests that social barriers were broken with the ‘effect of showing one side of the nation to the other’, however two sources suggest different: source 2, a source showing a mainly negative view on evacuation, implies that the social responsibility was not evenly spread and that ‘the poor housed the poor and the wealthy evaded their responsibilities’. This is an alternate view that people weren’t treating the evacuees correctly that goes against mainly source one and three. Source one and three are both from the start of the war (1939 specifically) and therefore could be seen as too specific to generalise a positive experience for the duration on the war and that perhaps source two, a negative view, is a better outlook, despite being a secondary source, on the success of the war as it shows a view over time. Considering all the elements that determine whether ‘The evacuation of children in World War Two was a great success’, I believe that evacuation was in fact a success in most ways of measuring ‘success’: the overall operation fulfilled it’s aims of protecting children from bombs to safer quieter areas of the country (like source one depicts) and that the government did so in an orderly, effective fashion. However, I would not call the evacuation programme a ‘completely’ a success nor a ‘great success’ thorough considering that fewer went than planned and that it is difficult to derive a positive experience from the evacuees themselves. A ‘great success’ suggests complete fulfilment of original plans and a large majority happy and well treated in the operation. Not all sources agree with this, thus, overall, I conclude my agreement that evacuation in World War Two was successful, though not a ‘great’ success. How to cite â€Å"The Evacuation of Children in World War Two Was a Great Success†, Essays

Price Elasticity of Demand and Health Care free essay sample

Running Heading: Price Elasticity and Health Care Price Elasticity of Demand and Health Care Table of Contents I. II. Introduction III. Measure of Health Care Demand IV. Price Elasticity of Demand for HealthCare V. RAND Study VI. Health Care Trends in 2007 VII. Summary Introduction The Health Care System in the U. S continues to be a topic of debate as the cost for health care continue to grow. Many Americans are being forces to change the way they use the health care system as the costs rising faster than their income. More than 6 in 10 Americans with ealth insurance coverage indicate that the costs they are responsible for paying under their plan have increased in the past year. This paper examines the elasticity of demand for health care services. Measure of Health Care Demand The demand for health care is often measured by the quantity of services used such as the number of doctor visits, prescriptions filled or inpatient hospital stays. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Elasticity of Demand and Health Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The demand is also measured by the total costs of the services. The cost of health care for the consumer usually depends on the amount of premiums, deductible, and coinsurance or copayments that they are required to contribute. The amounts can vary and this can make it difficult to estimate the price elasticity of demand for health care services. In order to gage the effect of price changes, the researcher would need to determine the effective price that a consumer is willing to pay for an additional unit of health care services. Elasticity of Demand for Health Care The price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded resulting from a 1 percent change in price. The elasticity of demand for a product or service will vary depending on the level of price and quantity at which it is evaluated. The elasticity of demand can vary depending on the different combinations of price and quantity demanded. As the norm, the price elasticity of demand will always be negative. This indicates that the consumer will demand less of the service or good as the price increase all other factors held constant. The demand for health care has been consistently found to be price inelastic due to the few close substitutes for medical services. The range of price elasticity it tends to be around – 0. 17, meaning that a 1 percent increase in the cost of health care will lead to a 0. 17 percent eduction in health care expenditures. Studies show that the demand levels decrease as the levels of cost sharing decrease. Some types of services such as pharmacy and preventative care benefits are tend to have higher price elasticities since there are other goods or services that can serve as substitutes. As a result, the consumer is able to move toward substitute services or goods as the price increa ses. The demand for health care is also considered to be income inelastic. The estimates of income elasticity of demand are in the range of 0 to 0. 2. This measure indicates that as income ncreases, the demand for health care services increase as well. The demand for health care can also be affected by the services being offered by a particular health plan. The variation of out-of- pocket expenses for services or premiums can impact the number of plan enrollees and the demand for health care services paid for by that plan. RAND Study Between 1974 and 1982, the government, funded a social insurance experiment referred to as the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (HIE). The experience was intended to answer some question pertaining to the demand for health care. Families in six sites were randomly placed into different insurance plans. The plans had different levels of cost-sharing, deductible amounts and out-of-pocket maximums. Although the HIE was conducted decades ago, the results of the studies are considered the â€Å"gold standard† for health demand elasticity estimates. The HIE studies compared health care use among individuals in different insurance plans. The studies indicated that use of health care services in the HIE was not affected by the out-of-pocket maximums. For coinsurance rates between 0 and 25 percent, the price elasticity of medical expenditures was found to be –0. 17. Consistent with the patterns seen in observational studies, the demand for health care was found to be somewhat more price sensitive as the coinsurance rate increased. In the HIE, coinsurance rates between 25 and 95 percent yielded elasticity estimates of –0. 22. The health care system has changed over the years since the experiment was conducted. There have been significant advances in medical technology and the pharmaceutical market. Healthcare Trends in 2007 Health care costs were estimated to 16. 2% of the U. S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007. The 2007 Health Confidence Survey (HCS) is conducted annually to get feedback from Americans regarding the health care system in the U. S. The survey was conducted within the United States between May 17 and June 10, 2007, through 20-minute telephone interviews with 1,000 individuals ages 21 and older. Random digit dialing was used to obtain a representative cross section of the U. S. population. The results show that rising health care costs are affecting the way that consumers use the health care system. Although some positive changes have been made, some consumers are delaying going to the doctor or not filling prescriptions due to the high cost. Some of the trends identified in the survey are: . 63 percent of Americans with health insurance coverage reported they experienced an increase in The costs they are responsible for paying under their plan in the past year. Of these, a large percentage says the increased costs have caused them to try to take better care of themselves (81 percent in 2007; 71 percent in 2005), talk to the doctor more regarding treatment o ptions and costs (66 percent in 2007; 57 percent in 2005), go to the doctor only for serious conditions or symptoms (64 percent in 2007; 54 percent in 2005), delay going to the doctor (50 percent in 2007; 40 percent in 2005), and not fill or skip doses of heir prescribed medications(28 percent in 2007; 21 percent in 2005). †¢ Those consumers that incurred cost increases are also likely to report that these increases have negatively affected their household finances. For some, the increase resulted in a decrease in contributions to retirement (30 percent) and other savings (52 percent) and difficulty paying for basic necessities (29 percent) and other bills (36 percent). †¢ Three-quarters of those with employment-based health coverage (76 percent) state they would prefer $7,500 in employment-based health benefits to an additional $7,500 in taxable income. Six in 10 rate the health care system as fair (29 percent) or poor (30 percent). Many consumers feel the health care sys tem needs a complete overhaul (24 percent) or requires major changes (47 percent). †¢ While half of Americans (51 percent) remain satisfied with health care quality, less than 2 in 10 are satisfied with the cost of health insurance (18 percent) or with costs not covered by insurance (16 percent). Many consumers believe they have no impact or no influence on the overall health care costs. Due to the rising health care costs, many American consumers are concerned about how the costs nd 15% view health care as a critical issue. While that is a small percentage, the dissatisfaction with the American health care system is widespread. Summary As the life expectancy has increased over the years, the demand of health care has increased. The cost of health care has also continued to increase, however, there will always be a demand for health care services. The demand for health care will be affected by economic variables such as plan design, income, and risk preferences. Overall, the pr ice elasticity of demand for heath care is relatively low. References The Kaiser Family Foundation (2007, September). Trend in Health Care Costs and Spending Retrieved November 30, 2007 from http://www. kff. org/insurance/upload/7692. pdf Employee Benefit Research Institute (2007, November) Notes: 2007 Health Confidence Survey: Rising HealthCare Costs Are Changing the Ways Americans Use the Health Care System. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from http://www. ebri. org. Ringel, Hosek, Vollaard, and Mahnovski. (2005) The Elasticity of Demand for Health Care: A Review of the Literature and Its Application to the Military Health System. Retrieved December 5, 2007 from http://www. rand. org/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1355. pdf.