you can conduct naturalistic observation nearly an Essay Example For Students

you can conduct naturalistic observation nearly an Essay ywhere. Animals make natural subjects for naturalistic observation. Humans also make good subjects for naturalistic observation. Naturalistic observation is probably the best method around for the process of formulating new hypotheses. By becoming familiar with subjects and their behavior, We will write a custom essay on you can conduct naturalistic observation nearly an specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now one can start to make hypotheses about them and their behavior. Those hypotheses can then be tested by other methods. So, the notion that naturalistic observation is a good first step in science derives from its utility in formulating hypotheses.There are problems with the use of this method. The main one is the issue of bias. Researchers are always going to bring preconceived ideas to a naturalistic-observation episode. Then, those preconceptions will shape the observations themselves. One way to deal with the problem of bias is to have multiple observers. If you are the only one consistently to observe some behavior, then, maybe you are adding it to the situation, or, maybe the others just cannot see it. However, now you and the other observers could look for it more closely. Another way to deal with bias is to record the situation on film or videotape. Then, it can be analyzed repeatedly. Still another way is to have naive observers. You train observers, but you do not tell them why they are observing. Then, those observers will be less likely to see the situation in the light of the hypothesis. So, naturalistic observation is a good first step in research; it is good for formulating hypotheses, but care needs to be used to control for bias .

Climate change and extreme weather conditions

Climate change and extreme weather conditions Climate change has been widely discussed in all aspects. In this regard, the latest global heat wave rekindled the debate on climate change. Proponents of climate change argue that human activities are to be blamed for the current global climate change. Essentially, human activities are cited as the major cause of global warming.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate change and extreme weather conditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change (IPCC) recent reports indicates close links between human activities and changes in the global climate (Burke 2). The relationships between human activities and global warming are yet to be ascertained though the symptoms are obvious. In fact, extreme weather conditions experienced around the world are attributed to human actions. The current heat wave is one of the extreme weather conditions resulting from climate change due to human a ctivities. Even though critics argue against the link between extreme weather conditions and climate change, scientific evidence clearly indicate a strong correlation between the global warming and the extreme weather conditions. However, researchers in this field have been cautious when drawing conclusions directly linking extreme weather conditions to climate change (Burke 2). The opponents question the validity and reliability of current data basing their arguments on the history of world climate. Historically, the world has experienced calamitous heat waves, floods as well as other extreme weather conditions without human activities involved. In the recent past, scientists have continued to draw in data linking the two variables. The agreement across the board is that human activities such as emissions of the greenhouse gases have contributed to global warming. As such, there should be sustained measures to limit the greenhouse gas emissions (Thurber 2). Unless such measures are undertaken, dangerous heat waves as well as floods are likely to re-occur. In addition, prolonged draughts as well as coastal flooding have increased chances of extreme weather conditions occurrence. Nonconformist scientists and politicians often dispute about the predictions, yet the number of disasters arising from extreme weather conditions is undoubtedly escalating. In addition, similar data from various sources cannot be disputed on the ground of validity and reliability (Thurber 2). In fact, data from climate agencies indicate similar results with slight variations. For instance, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Climate Data Center (NCDC) indicate that the last thirteen years have experienced the hottest periods within 132 years. Precisely, the hottest period ever recorded since 1895 occurred from 2001 to 2013. The IPCC, which has been involved in various researches around the world, predicts more extreme weather conditions in the coming decade (Zaelke and Veerabhadran 2).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the IPCC reports that the frequencies of extreme weather conditions have increased. Previously, the heat waves occurred once in 20 years. Currently, the heat waves occur two times in one decade. The prediction is that continuous emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere leads to reoccurrences of global warming within two years. Heat waves are not the only extreme weather conditions that are expected to occur but also flooding, hurricanes, prolonged drought, coastal flooding as well as ice storms are expected in the next decade. The IPCC, which is concerned with the climate studies, normally has accurate predictions and warn associates against premature judgments (Zaelke and Veerabhadran 2). The panel depends on clear evidence to make conclusive predictions. The reason is that ma ny factors that tend to explain the variations in world temperatures are not directly linked. In other words, there is disconnection between the current causes of extreme weather conditions and the similar past climate situations. The explanations provide facts used by critics to argue their case. In addition, the conclusions drawn from the data taken within 132 years cannot be linked with the similar data from another century. Consistent with the recent report released by the IPCC and the UN panel, human actions contribute immensely to climate change. The reports follow the studies undertaken to determine the relationship between climate change and human activities. In fact, the reports indicate that typhoons, hurricanes and coastal flooding are likely to increase in this decade (Shank 1). The recent reports concur with previous information on climate change and extreme weather conditions. In addition, the studies indicate that greenhouse gas emissions are the major cause of climat e change (Zaelke and Veerabhadran 2). Some of the effects of greenhouse gas are the extremely high and low atmospheric temperatures. The cyclic global temperatures are prone to intense weather conditions. The data is supported by basic atmospheric science arguing that warmer air causes intense drought and heat waves. The result also explains the cause of the recent heat waves. According to the reports, the extreme temperatures are also likely to cause increased frequency of precipitation associated with typhoons, cyclones, hurricanes as well as coastal floods. In addition, available data indicate that heavy rains are expected to rise in many parts of the world within this century due to increased atmospheric pressure and temperature (Shank 1). Even though recent statistics are almost similar to the previous information, the accuracy of data collection and analysis improves the reliability of the conclusions drawn. In other words, the two agencies are majorly concerned with accuracy of the data to draw plausible correlations between the human activities and the global warming.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate change and extreme weather conditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The IPCC and the UN also found out increasing human susceptibility to extreme weather conditions. While carbon emissions continue to be unabated, human vulnerability to the extreme weather conditions persistently increases (Leonhardt 1). Flawed decisions on climate change by governments and industrialists together with continued increasing populations are exposing the majority of people to the harms of extreme weather conditions. Human activities including land use, rapid urbanization, unchecked coastal developments and growth of megacities have led to the increased vulnerability of rural and urban communities to the tribulations resulting from extreme weather conditions. The reports argue that necessary measures have to be taken to avert extreme weather related problems. Global warming related problems have been cited to vary from social to economic aspects. In other words, climate change significantly influences the political and socio-economic trends around the globe. In particular, the global climate changes have affected the trends of global economic growth. For instance, the Colorado floods and Yosemite Rim Fire are examples of the devastating effects of climate change. In addition, the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS) argued that over fifty percent of extreme weather events in 2012 were influenced by changes in climate (Leonhardt 1). The consequences of the calamities ranged from crippling of tourism to loss of homes and livelihoods. Further, the weather events posed risks to the economic growth. Moreover, a research by the US Department of Energy (USDE) asserted that energy infrastructure is gradually more susceptible to extreme weather events emanating from cl imate change. For example, the wildfire that occurred in close proximity to Yosemite National Park in San Francisco led to the declaration of state of emergency due to the threats the wildfire posed to the city’s electricity supply plant. According to Yale Project on Climate Change Communication (YPCCC), most American citizens are prepared to engage in peaceful civil defiance against organizations promoting global warming in operations. The government’s lack of environmental policy change initiatives is increasingly perturbing the public.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the Keystone XL pipeline project is facing mass opposition from the public due to the venture’s environmental implications (Shank 1). Through such protests, the government has initiated climate bill, carbon tax as well as having set up the strict limits of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Moreover, companies have been on the forefront in ensuring paradigm shifts towards carbon reductions and major ventures in renewable sources of energy (Gillis 1). Studies also indicate that abrupt changes experienced on the planet including melting, acidifying, flooding and warming have led to a completely different globe. In other words, higher amounts of black carbon in the atmosphere heat up the Earth. Consequently, extreme weather events characterized by heat waves, heavy rains and violent storms occur. Such weather conditions adversely affect vegetation and animals. Scientists link such extreme weather conditions to climate change. The assessment of climate science by the IPCC indicates that the continuous warming of the atmosphere, sea level rise, alterations in the global water cycle and diminishing snow levels are the results of the human influence. The panel has achieved remarkable successes through endorsement of the carbon budget for humanity. In reality, the regulation of the amount of carbon and greenhouse gases by industries and clearing of forests have led to burning up of approximately a trillion metric tons of carbon and the reduction of planetary warming to about two degrees above the sea level (Shank 1). However, climate-cynic organizations contend that the report by the IPCC is hysterical and exaggerated. For instance, the Heartland Institute argues that anticipated global warming would be insignificant to be transformed into climatic calamity. In essence, the critics argue that due to the slow rates of global warming experienced over the last decade, rapid reductions in global warming are imminent (Gillis 1). The administrators o f the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have put forward the necessary steps that the government should implement to counter the rising climate alterations nationally and at the global level. As the world experiences continuous warming with highest levels of humidity occurrence over the last ten years, the deficiency of actions to curb climate change has negatively influenced the ambiance. As such, governments are embracing market-based models in reduction of greenhouse gas discharges by imposing carbon taxes on power plants releasing higher amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Augmented ventures in clean energy expertise are also critical in spurring firm economic inclination along with habitable atmosphere. Most importantly, the amendment of Montreal Protocol (MP) of 1989 will be significant in solving the ozone problems by phasing out warming chemicals including the hydro-fluorocarbons. In reality, the presence of common sense conservative principles based on protecti ng health, utilization of superior expertise available and innovativeness in economy to obtain solutions have been instrumental in solving climate concerns such as depletion of the ozone layer, pollution of rivers and problems caused by acid rain. The US citizens have increased calls for the adoption of hydraulic fracturing process in the extraction of natural gas to prevent the emission of carbon in the atmosphere. The use of hydraulic fracturing process will also reduce threats to drinking water and the environment (Gordon 2). Further, the government is encouraging the utilization of alternative energy sources including wind and solar power. Moreover, increased investments in research, innovative-generation of energy such as use of nuclear plants and experimental expertise are significant in ensuring low-carbon presence in the atmosphere. Environmental experts have come up with diverse strategies aimed at ensuring a habitable atmosphere. For instance, the actions taken by the Envi ronmental Protection Authority (EPA) under the Clean Air Act (CLA) have restricted the discharge of effluents from power plants. In fact, the EPA has stringent discharge standards for the stationary sources leading to virtual elimination of coal-fired plants. However, significant steps put forward at the United Nations climate caucus produce positive impacts on promoting political goodwill to climate change. In this regard, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) projects focusing on reducing of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon, methane, lower-level ozone and hydro-fluorocarbons, will reduce global warming by 40%. In addition, the diminution in global warming is capable of preventing over three million demises resulting from the contamination of the environment. As it can be observed, climate scientists have continuously forecasted and warned about the increased global temperatures that lead to extreme weather condition s, such as severe droughts, intense flooding as well as ferocious storms. Reports by the United Nations and other climate change agencies indicate that human activities are to be blamed for the extreme weather situations as well as climate changes experienced all over the globe today. In addition, the scientists warn that weather extremes are projected to worsen in the coming years. In essence, the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities augment heat and coastal floods as well as increase levels of precipitation (Bordessa 1). The UN report stated that higher temperatures triggered such disasters as floods, heat waves and snowstorms. As such, the UN has moved to establish the maximum frontier on greenhouse gas emissions. The scientists warn that if humans continue disgorging the greenhouse gases into the atmosphere through their activities, irreversible climate changes are eminent. Actually, the utilization of economical natural gases and current fuel principles as w ell as rules regulating mercury have led to the reduction of greenhouse gas discharge into the atmosphere by seventeen percent Additionally, the utilization of filters on automobiles and the use of low-sulfur diesel fuels have benefited California by cutting the level of warming effect caused by diesel by over fifty percent. Further, many countries in the developing world are embracing resourceful biomass stoves, solar lamps and modern brick kilns as opposed to conventional mud stoves and utilization of kerosene lamps leading to reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Moreover, several initiatives include reduction of leaks from gas pipes, capturing methane from waste dumps and water treatment plants as well as reducing discharges from rice paddies. In essence, the elimination of such temporary climate noxious wastes is significant in slowing the pace of global warming. Bordessa, Kris. â€Å"Global Climate Change Linked to Extreme Weather?† Wired 11 February 2012: 1. Web. Burke, Marshall. â€Å"Weather and Violence.† The New York Times 30 August 2013: 2. Web. Gillis, Justin. â€Å"U.N. Panel Finds Climate Change Behind Some Extreme Weather Events.† The New York Times 18 November 2011: 1. Web. Gordon, Kate. â€Å"Lets Upgrade Our Insurance Policy on Climate-Change Risk.† The Wall Street Journal 25 September 2013: 2. Web. Leonhardt, David. â€Å"It’s Not Easy Being Green.† The New York Times 9 February 2013: 1. Web. Shank, Michael. â€Å"Fed Up With Climate Change Apathy.† US News 19 September 2013: 1. Web. Thurber, Mark. â€Å"Carbon Pricing Is the Best First Step to Address Global Warming.† The Wall Street Journal 25 September 2013: 2. Web. Zaelke, Durwood and Veerabhadran Ramanathan. â€Å"Going Beyond Carbon Dioxide.† The New York Times 6 December 2012: 2. Web.

Morepan Positioning Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Morepan Positioning Strategy - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear tha by entering into the distribution agreement with Geneva Pharma to be the sole supplier, the Company was able to provide a cost advantage to its customers. Moreover, in the case of bulk drugs, the Company has moved into high margin drug products where the multi -production processes are long and complex; however by developing the necessary technical capabilities to tackle such processes in a cost effective manner utilizing low labor costs in India and supplying to international markets, Morepan has been able to create economic value for its customers. According to the study Morepan has also positioned itself not merely as a bulk drug company in the Indian market, but has consolidated its position and created customer value by also entering into the Fast Moving Health Goods category. By hosting an entirely new range of products which could be directly marketed to the customers rather than having to reply upon physician prescriptions, the Company was able to gain direct access to the end customer unlike other drug companies. It developed a range of health products such as Lifelyte which was an electrolytic rehydrate, Y Sugar which was a sweetener, Dab fizz an antacid, and similar products which could directly be targeted at the end customer and marketed vigorously through effective sales and advertising techniques. In this way, the Company ha uniquely positioned itself in the market for health food products. Recently the Company has further expanded its reach into the retail sector in the health care market, through the creation of the Lifespring chain of health and beauty stores.

Proposal for Implementing Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) With Article

Proposal for Implementing Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) With IBMs SPSS Research Analysis - Article Example Benefits: Medical personnel will be able to access this program from their homes by signing into the hospital’s dedicated intranet, designed by IBM, in order to learn analysis components at their will. This program training course will also provide a certification of completion for each level which will be added to the personnel records as part of skillset development on the job. As an additional benefit, there will also be a four-level survey development program added which will train medical personnel on how to efficiently design surveys to maximize the full potential of information gathering from responders in any given research program. This ensures that money spent for research studies are utilized in the most efficient manner possible. This component will utilize Survey Monkey, an online program which gives returns in a number of formats, such as Microsoft Excel, which can then be downloaded into SPSS easily and efficiently. There will also be a process component which s hows how to format the Excel data for easy recognition in SPSS during the analysis training sections (Bridgewater, 2008). Institutional Readiness: The hospital has reached a point where adding on research capabilities that benefit its medical staff, will propel the hospital forward as a leader in the research community, both nationally and internationally. This is a bonus for the hospital to be able to charge those medical personnel from the outside who wish to learn research analysis skills as part of their own training progress. For current hospital medical personnel, including medical students and interns, this program will be free (Bridgewater, 2008). Introduction Every field in the human sciences requires a certain amount of analysis as part of evidence-based research. There are a number... Every field in the human sciences requires a certain amount of analysis as part of evidence-based research. There are a number of software programs available to conduct analysis such as Microsoft’s Excel, Minitab, R, STATS, and others but IBM’s SPSS program has been identified as one of the most extensive programs available to scientific researchers on the market. As many of our nurses at this hospital are in the field of Informatics and /or research, utilizing the IBM SPSS program, along with a learning program, would be of great benefit for those who can assist in additional research in the field of nursing medicine. Accordingly, the hospital has also recognized the value of an efficient training program to help nurses learn this program on their own time. The IBM website has a training session of its own but it is laborious and there would be a more efficient way of training nurses to conduct their research analysis but developing a program geared towards the nursing field.

Leonardo Da Vinci - a Worshipper of Nature's Divine Order Essay

Leonardo Da Vinci - a Worshipper of Nature's Divine Order - Essay Example Leonardo's name was actually Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci, though he was known throughout his life as Leonardo or Leonardo Ser Piero. 'Da Vinci' is simply a reference to the Tuscan village in which he was born. Referring to him as 'Da Vinci' is a little like referring to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery of Alamein as 'Of Alamein'or Joan of Arc as 'Of Arc'. It is strange that Brown calls him 'Da Vinci' consistently, despite the fact he apparently studied art in Seville and his wife is supposedly an art historian.The life and work of Leonardo, the archetypical 'Renaissance Man' for whom no branch of knowledge was allowed to remain a closed book, has proved endlessly fascinating to later generations. At one time he was known only as a painter, although many of his works by other hands were unknown and a number of inferior works by other hands were wrongly attributed to him. The full, amazing extent of his genius emerged only in quite recent times with the rediscovery of his notebooks and drawings. For a time, even Leonardo the painter seemed to be submerged by the weight of his new reputation as a scientist. Some readjustment has taken place since then. As a scientist and engineer, Leonardo's achievements, though staggering enough, have proved to be a shade less novel than once we thought, while at the same time a succession of brilliant art historians, beginning with Bernhard Berenson and Kenneth Clark, has made us far more knowledgeable about his art. Though Leonardo would have jibbed at such a judgment, he was and is, first and foremost a great painter; a man whose output was tiny compared with other geniuses of his time (a Michelangelo, a Raphael, a Titian) yet included possibly the two most famous paintings in history, the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.

Risk and Crisis Management

Risk and Crisis Management JAMES WALKER INTRODUCTION Risk and Crisis Management deal with threats to organizations. The organizations mitigate threats by applying management programs. Risk Management deals with threats prior to the event occurring while crisis management deals with threats when it unfolds or after the event occurs. Crisis examples would be natural occurrences, faulty equipment, human error, conflicts, intentional efforts, and imperfect leaderships. (Department of Homeland Security, 2009) (Shrivastava and Miglani, 1988) For this assignment, it will discuss following: the difference between risk and crisis management and the role of the National Response Framework (NRF) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS) plays, do I consider crisis management a part of risk management, and describe the possible types of crisis faced by my organization and which is important to be prepared for and why. RISK AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT The definitions of Risk and Crisis Management do vary, but generally the two deal with how organizations plan, prepare, and mitigate. Crisis Management is processes that are allocated to manage unexpected incidents that threat organizations, operations, and individual or group of people. (Australian Government, 2010) A crisis does happen without warnings and it is utmost important that plans are in place to be able to execute quickly (reactive) such actions to remedy situations or decrease the impact of a crisis to reestablish normality. Risk Management is a continuous process which threats are emphasized and solutions are in place to mitigate or avoid the risks (proactive). No matter how well prepared the procedures are for risk management, a requirement for any organizations or groups need to have a crisis management plan in place. (Australian Government, 2010) The NRFs role to crisis and risk management is providing the guidance for the Nation to all responses to occurrences and it is created upon scalable, flexible, and adaptable coordinating structures to associate roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, it gives the authorities and best customs for managing incidents or occurrences (Policy for Crisis Management). (Department of Homeland Security, 2009, 2013, and 2015) For NRF to support the role of crisis and risk management, it is comprised of core documents, the Emergency Support Functions (ESF), Support and Incident Annexes, and Partner Guides. The core documents discuss the responses, roles, and responsibilities for our nation to include response actions, organizations, and planning requirements. (Department of Homeland Security, 2009, 2013, and 2015) The ESF is the resources and abilities from Federal and State that are functional areas that are needed for a response such as Transportation, Law Enforcements, Mass Care, and Firefig hting to name a few. Support Annexes are the essential support aspects that are common to occurrences or incidents such as Financial Management and Coordination from private sectors. The Incident Annexes are the aspects how to respond to incident categories such as Biological, Nuclear, Radiological, Cyber, and Mass Evacuation. Lastly, the Partner Guides give the references to discuss the key roles and actions for Local, Tribal, State, Federal, and Private-Sector response teams. (Department of Homeland Security, 2009, 2013, and 2015) The NIMS works hand in hand with the NRF. NIMS role in crisis and risk management is to give the guidance for command and management structures of incidents to organizations or people. It provides the methodical and proactive tactics at all levels of governments to include private sectors to work efficiently to prevent, protect, respond, recover, and mitigate incidents or occurrences no matter the cause, location, size, and the complexity. (Department of Homeland Security, 2008 and 2009) (FEMA, 2013 and 2016) The question to think about is crisis management a part of risk management. A good risk management process minimizes loss when occurrences arise. A good crisis management is essential, but it should not be replaced for risk management processes. Regardless having a robust risk management process, occurrences or crisis will happen and cannot be predicted. The preparation to deal with and act immediately is essential when it comes to the two being a part of each other (plan, prepare, and mitigate). (Department of Homeland Security, 2009) (FEMA, 2013) (James and James, 2008) A good structure for risk and crisis management process maximizes the ability to act and minimizes losses. Crisis and Risk Management would discipline a broader context of management for identifying, assessing, understanding, and coping with the occurrences. Additionally, they would influence the preventing, alleviating, and overcoming different types of crisis. In the end, risk management assesses the threat levels and allows for ways to avoid the potential threats. Crisis Management deals with threats prior, during, and after the occurrence. (Australian Government, 2010) (Department of Homeland Security, 2009) (FEMA, 2013) TYPES OF CRISIS IN MY ORGANIZATION Crises in telecommunication organizations arise all the time. Telecommunications have four threats associated such as compliance, operational, strategic, and financial threats. Compliance deals with the laws, regulations and corporate governance. Operational is the impacts on the processes, systems, and people to include the overall value of the organization. Strategic relates to our customers and investors to include competitors. Lastly, Financial is the instability to keep up with technology, fixing hardware failures, updates on software and have the proper training for the employees. (EY, 2014) (MSG, 2017) The threats have crisiss that are underlined. The number one crisis is the new roles of involving industry ecosystems. The realization and understanding the importance of the new growth opportunities, customer satisfaction, and competitors to keep up with technology is a big issue and it is the driver in todays digital world (new technologies). The Compliance threat has crisiss dealing with controlling new structures and essentials in privacy and security. Additionally, the mentioned would be the second importance in a telecommunication organization. The obedience with policy and security is not regulated to protect our data. It is the reason we have the breaches in our ecosystems. (EY, 2014) (MSG, 2017) The crises in Operation threats have organizational agility especially dealing with diverse ecosystems and fostering innovation. Furthermore, the issues with data integrity to drive growth and efficiency including performance measurements. The crises in Strategic threats have customer satisfaction issues, new services available, and simplicity and flexibility to include adopting new innovation methods to improve the networks (ecosystems). The crises in financial is always going to be dealing with competitors with new technologies to improve the heterogeneous network landscape for the diverse networks. (EY, 2014) (MSG, 2017) CONCLUSION Risk and Crisis Management deals with threats to organizations. The organizations mitigate threats by applying management programs. Risk Management deals with threats prior to the event occurring while crisis management deals with threats when it unfolds or after the event occurs. Crisis examples would be natural occurrences, faulty equipment, human error, conflicts, intentional efforts, and imperfect leaderships. (Department of Homeland Security, 2009) (Shrivastava and Miglani, 1988) The NRFs role to crisis and risk management is providing the guidance for the Nation to all responses to occurrences and it is created upon scalable, flexible, and adaptable coordinating structures to associate roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, it gives the authorities and best customs for managing incidents or occurrences (Policy for Crisis Management). For NRF to support the role of crisis and risk management, it is comprised of core documents, the Emergency Support Functions (ESF), Support and Incident Annexes, and Partner Guides. (Department of Homeland Security, 2009, 2013, and 2015) The NIMS role in crisis and risk management is to give the guidance for command and management structures of incidents to organizations or people. It provides the methodical and proactive tactics at all levels of governments to include private sectors to work efficiently to prevent, protect, respond, recover, and mitigate incidents or occurrences no matter the cause, location, size, and the c omplexity. (Department of Homeland Security, 2008 and 2009) (FEMA, 2013 and 2016) My organization deals with telecommunication and crises are always arising all the time. Telecommunications have four threats associated such as compliance, operational, strategic, and financial threats. The number one crisis that falls under compliance is the new roles of involving industry ecosystems. The realization and understanding the importance of the new growth opportunities, customer satisfaction, and competitors to keep up with technology and it is the drive for todays digital world (new technologies). (EY, 2014) (MSG, 2017) The crises dealing with controlling new structures and essentials for privacy and security with the networks would be the second issue. It is the second importance in a telecommunication organization. The obedience with policy and security is not regulated to protect our data. It is the reason we have the breaches in our networks. (EY, 2014) (MSG, 2017) BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Government (2010). AS/NZS ISO 31000 (2009), Risk Management-Principles and  Guidelines, Retrieved from: http://www.finance.gov.au/sites/default/files/COV_Risk_Management_Fact_Sheet_FA3_23082010_0.pdf, August 2010. Department of Homeland Security (2012). Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan:  Fiscal Years 2012-2016, Retrieved from: https://www.hsdl.org/?viewdid=700830. Department of Homeland Security (2015). Presidential Policy Directive / PPD-8: National  Preparedness: National Preparedness, Retrieved from: http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy- directive-8-national-preparedness, September 23, 2015. Department of Homeland Security (2013). National Response Framework, Retrieved from:  https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1914-25045- 1246/final_national_response_framework_20130501.pdf. May 2013. Department of Homeland Security (2008). The National Incident Management System,  Retrieved from: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.pdf Department of Homeland Security (2009). National Infrastructure Protection Plan, Retrieved  from: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf. EY (2014). Top 10 Risks in Telecommunications 2014, Retrieved from: http://www.ey.com/Publication/ vwLUAssets/EY_-_Top_10_risks_in_telecommunications_2014/$FILE/EY-top-10-risks-in-telecommunications-2014.pdf. FEMA (2013). National Preparedness Goal, Retrieved from: http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1916-25045-3131/2013_npr_fact_sheet.pdf. FEMA (2016). National Preparedness Report, Retrieved from: https://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-report, May 31, 2016. James, E., and James, E. H. (2008). Linking crisis management and leadership competencies:  The role of human resource development, Advances in Developing Human Resources 10  (3), 352, Retrieved from: http://webuser.bus.umich.edu/lpwooten/PDF/ADHR316450.pdf. MSG (2017). Management Study Guide, Crisis Management Meaning, Need and its Features,  Retrieved from: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/crisis-management.htm. Shrivastava, P. Mitroff, I.I., Miller, D. and A. Miglani (1988). Understanding industrial  crises, Journal of Management Studies 25(4), 285-304, Retrieved from: http://paulshrivastava.com/Research%20Publications%20Directory/UNDERSTANDING%20INDUSTRIAL%20CRISES.pdf.

Econimic Research :: essays papers

Econimic Research 1. During the 1960's, The Soviet economy may have been growing at a rate of growth much faster that the West, but the Soviet GDP would have provided a poor statistic for determining the welfare of the soviet people for several reasons. The first reason that GDP would be obsolete for determining the welfare of the people is that during the 1960's, the Soviet Union was in fact Communist, so the people were only allotted whatever property or privilege the government would allow, so there was no "free market" on which goods could be bought and sold by anyone. It is also of interest to know that during the 1960's and early 70's, the USSR did lead the world in a few industries(forestry, mining), but with such a larger labor force than the US, the GDP per capita would, all other things being equal (ceteris paribus), show that growth could have occurred solely due to larger population. 2. If the Instructor were to choose a fixed rate, he would hope that inflation would increase, so that he would be paying back money that has a lower purchasing power than the original principal amount the instructor would have financed, (just as in the scenario He had given about his Father in Maryland, and his mortgage held with the sinister bank who detests the fact that your Father has a fixed rate mortgage and pays around $300 a month). If our Instructor chose the adjustable rate, the instructor would think that inflation would decrease, and would also hope that interest rates would decrease as well. Since Alan Greenspan is somewhat unpredictable, I would advise the instructor to refinance for a fixed rate once interest rates take a turn for the better, so that it would be locked in at the lowest going rate available. 3. Changes in Production by Black Death(Bubonic Plague) in Medieval Times Land Land Labor(pre-Plague) Labor(post-Plague) B. Wages for the workers would increase due to the decrease in labor pools caused by death. C. The surviving workers benefited from this disaster due to the increase in wages available due to the untimely death of so many. The wealthy landowners would have been overall harmed by the loss in manual labor, which caused less productivity and yet higher wages could be demanded by the surviving workers out of necessity for needed labor, while the rental(capital) rate of the land decreased according to the isoquant.

The Value Of Health Across Cultures

Evaluating the Value of Health and Cultural Heritage across Cultures Culture and values are standards that influence and shape human behaviors, decision making processes, personal relationships, and status of health and happiness. The United States has become a symbol of a multicultural society representing many different ethnicities and minority groups. As our culture continues to grow rapidly so is the necessity to increase awareness, understanding, and tolerance of these diverse groups. As health care providers we must understand the basic needs of our patients, whether they are black, white, green or purple, and the repercussions of prejudices and cultural insensitivities. Health care providers need to become responsive to the cultural values of different peoples and how these could augment effective and humanistic care delivery (Edelman, 2010). The Heritage Assessment Tools allows you to identify individual cultural beliefs and behaviors. These beliefs have shaped how we value health, the ways we maintain our health and the practice/acceptance of modern medicine. For example, if a patient identifies those relationships with family members or members from the community are highly valued then the nurse should consider lenience with the hospital visiting policy to meet the patients needs to maintain and restore their health. Many cultures value a caring holistic approach to medicine that incorporates family and supports systems to promote healing. Some cultures do not emphasis the practices of western medicine and utilize healers like priests, herbalists, or scientologist. By applying a heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of the patient as well as maintaining an open and understanding relationship of their culture, nurses can work to meet their needs in a holistic approach. How we have learned to take care of ourselves or our â€Å"health maintenance â€Å"varies from culture to culture. I grew up in a culture where regular exercise, watching what you ate, and â€Å"being thin is in† were highly valued. I and most of my friends had retainers and braces to maintain the image of good health with a picture perfect smile. As kids we were all active and parents provided healthy snacks as well as well balanced meals. Fast food and take-out was a once-in-a-while indulgence. For ethnic groups, health as a value may have different definitions and their behavior may reflect this(Edelman, 2010). I interviewed a Hispanic female and her family about how her culture has influenced her maintenance of day-to-day health. Family is an important dynamic in her culture, putting everyone else in her family before herself. Her family has influence of her everyday decision making, sure her children and grown parents are always well taken care of. Diet is based on being able to provide for the family more than the value of the foods nutrients. She admits that fast food is a cheaper option for feeding her children than stocking up on healthy produce at the grocery store. Her home is shared with her husband, four children, and her two parents, so they are all involved in taking care of one another. I also had the opportunity to meet with a family that traveled from Saudi Arabia to receive cardiac evaluation and treatment at the world renowned Texas Medical Center. The adult male patient as his wife were very private and did express interest in developing personal relationship with their nurse, so most my assessment was made from conversations held with their daughter a practicing physician in the same hospital. She told me that health maintenance is highly valued and the government provides a number of health care services to the public. Those who can afford it will travel elsewhere for expert opinions and cutting edge treatments. In regards to their routine values of health maintenance, their family practices and beliefs are based from Islamic religion and culture. Islam promotes heath and wellness with meditation, proper diet, regular activity and cleanliness (bathing, fragrance, attention to hair and nails). Lastly, their culture strictly dictates the foods they eat as well as what is considered toxic or harmful to their health. The ways of preventing disease or â€Å"health protection† has made an impact on health care. Growing up with access to health insurance, routine doctors visits, vaccinations, and educational programs to promote heath and wellness such as the D. A. R. E program was normal practice. One of the biggest obstacles for the Hispanic family was not having access to affordable health are. Health care insurance is not affordable for many poor Americans, whose priorities are the basic needs of health including food, clothing, and shelter rather than health care(Edelman, 2010). They admit to not having good preventative health care like routine physicals, medication compliance, attending follow-up appointments, and regula r dental hygiene. Being hospitalized is often a last resort because of the finical stress is can cause because of lack of health insurance. In contrast to the Hispanic American family, the Saudi family viewed out of pocket expenses a low priority when considering health protection. This patient needed to have heart surgery and with support from immediate and extended family members in the United States, some practicing as physicians, this was the best option. Good health is often a sign of affluence and high social status. How individuals deal with disease and restore health is based from cultural beliefs and learned experiences. Learning from personal experience with my family members being hospitalized and being treated for disease, we are aggressive with treatment and expect the information and results quickly. We expect to have everything done to treat illness and when modern medicine fails we have a hard time accepting that reality because of our faith in the health care system, doctors, and nurses. The Islamic culture also encourages individuals to seek medical help and treatment. Religion plays a huge part in healing and health restoration. I witnessed my patient and his wife praying regularly. Family is also key for this culture, demonstrating strong ties with both immediate and extended family at the bedside involved in regular discussion with physicians and other health care providers. Being able to afford out of pocket expenses hey expect the highest level of expertise and excellence in care from their health care providers. Sometimes family members will contribute to these expenses. Hispanic cultures typically cater towards men, children, and the elders in the household. This Hispanic American female admits that even immediately after having her fourth baby, she was still the primary care giver to her children and homemaker/care taker of the household. Also, she admits that even though not having regular access to medical care this does not influence how she provides attention and nurtures her family members during times illness. Her culture has a strong emphasis on family and religion as well as practicing traditional home remedies. Being surrounded by family and prayer helps her and her family in times sickness and promotes healthy recovery. Based on the three different cultures evaluated there is one strong common value, family. Health traditions and beliefs are greatly influenced from learned family practices as well as from influential support systems. This century will continue to be a time of great challenges as the population of the U. S. continues to be a nation of diverse peoples(Edelman, 2010). Nurses continue to make many positive moves toward understanding culturally diverse populations (Edelman, 2010). As we have learned, culture is a very unique and complex set of values. By being aware of cultural differences and gaining cultural knowledge nurses can help promote and ensure a healthy society.

Cost Behavior and Allocation Essay

Analyze the complexity of cost behaviors in health care organizations and describe how costs are classified according to their relationship with volume. Health services managers are vitally interested in how costs are affected by changes in volume. Before costs can be managed, one must have an understanding of how and why costs are being incurred. For, example medications dispensed from the pharmacy are variable costs items since the more often medications are dispensed to the patient, the higher to the total medication costs (Lang, 2012). In this example the cost is driven by the prescription of the medication for the patient, which leads to dispensing the medication and incurring the cost. If the medication is not prescribed the total cost would be zero. The salary of the Director of the Pharmacy is a fixed cost, at least over the short run because that person is paid the same salary regardless of how many, or how few, prescriptions they fill. The text defines the relationship between an organization’s total costs and volume as cost behavior or underlying cost structure, is used by mangers in planning, control, and decision making. The primary reason for defining and organization’s underlying cost structure is to provide healthcare managers with a tool for forecasting cost and profits at different volume levels (Gapenski, 2012). The cost structure of both fixed and variable costs- that is some of the costs are expected to be volume sensitive and some are not- is typical in healthcare organizations. Total variable costs increase or decrease proportionately as volume changes, but variable cost rate remains constant as long as volume remains within the relevant range. Fixed, costs, in contrast to total variable costs, remain unchanged as the volume varies. The Academy of Healthcare Management Journal states, when attempting to improve profitability by decreasing or controlling costs, cost behavior is particularly important. If activities are limited or decreased to lower variable costs without consideration of fixed costs profits may actually decrease. In conclusion, total costs are merely the sum of the two. Because total variable costs are tied to volume, total variable costs increase as the volume increases even though fixed costs remain constant. Discuss the importance of cost allocation and how it may be leveraged by health care organizations. Cost allocation is essentially a pricing process within the organization whereby managers allocate the costs of one department to other departments. Cost allocations within healthcare organizations must establish prices that proxy those that would be set under market conditions. Costs within a health services organization must be allocated. Overhead costs of the business, such as those incurred by administrators, facilities management personnel, financial staffs, and housekeeping and maintenance personnel must be allocated to those departments that generate revenues for the organization (Gapenski, 2012). The goal of cost allocation is to assign all of the costs of an organization to the activities that cause them to be incurred. Health services managers track and assign costs by individual patient, physician, diagnosis, reimbursement contract, and so on. Much of the motivation for more accurate cost allocation systems comes from the recipients of overhead services. Mangers at all levels within health services organizations are under pressure to optimize economic performance, which translates into reducing costs. To assign costs from one activity to another, two important elements must be identified: a cost pool and a cost driver. A cost pool is a grouping of costs that must be allocated, while a cost driver is the criterion upon which the allocation is made. Clearly, the proper allocation of overhead costs is essential to good decision making within health services organizations. In conclusion, revenues must exceed the total of both fixed costs and variable costs combines in order for an organization to be profitable.

The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Essay Example

The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Essay Example The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Paper The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Paper Essay Topic: Eugene Onegin Irena Curic dr. sc. Janja Ciglar-Zanic, red. prof. English Romanticism 08 January 2013 The Byronic Hero and Russian Romanticism Introduction George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, or simply Lord Byron, was a British poet of Scottish descent who is today considered to be the most influential British poet of the Romantic period (Catherine B. ONeill calls him the best-known nineteenth-century British poet outside England).His adventourous character and wild but appealing works made him famous throughout Europe. He died in Greece during the countrys war of Independence and became a legend. He was only 36 when he died but his influence was massive. His works, mostly Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and Don Juan, but also Mazeppa, the Corsair and the Prisoner of Chillon were read among the intelectual elite of the whole Europe and many poets and intelectuals became inspired to write their own works in style of Byron.It was the idea of national identity, so popular in the 19th century, that Byron s upported during his life, and the fact that he wrote about the exotic lands and their pains under the tyranny of the oppressors that made him especially popular in moulding of the new nations and their identities in southern and eastern Europe (Hocutt: Byrons influence as individual and author seemed always to have greater impact outside of England than within his prudish homeland. While imitators and admirers of Byron the individual and author could be found throughout Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, and Russia, little more than harsh criticism for his works and exile for his lifestyle emanated from his sometimes beloved, sometimes criticized native Britain, even after his death. ). Apart from his political influence, he was just as appealing to the youth who saw his quests and deeds as an impetus to rebel. In the eyes of his time, Byron was primarily looked upon as an outlaw, an immoral man. He had an affair with his stepsister and was openly sceptic of religion and political institutions.His works were filled with descriptions of decandence and abomination. His demonic heroes with weak moral compass became iconic for the writers who would be influenced by Byron. Catherine B. ONeill wrote: Childe Harold took the world by storm because of many features that we now think of as characteristic of Romantic poetry: the subjective experience of the natural wor ld, the high degree of identification between the author and the hero, the motif of a journey that is simulatneously literal and psychological, and, primarily, the isolated heros mysterious disenchantment and heartache. The Byronic hero had become a specific literary type of hero who very much resembles the writer alone. It is usually a young male (although there are female examples) who is constantly bored and unsatisfied. His spleen drives him to a constant search for new sensations, which rarely give him pleasure. He prefers solitude to the company of others and feels much more connected to nature than to people: Now Harold finds himself at lenght alone, And bade to Christian tongues a long adieu; Now he adventurd on a shore unknown, Which all admire, but many dread to view:His breast was armd `gainst fate, his wants were few; Peril he sought not, but neer shrank to meet, The scene was savage, but the scene was new; This made the ceaseless toil of travel sweet, Beat back keen winters blast, and welcomd summers heat. He finds particular characteristics of savageness to be more truthfull than society of his day which he finds corrupt and dishonest: The royal vices of our age demand A keener weapon, and a mightier hand. He takes great pleasure in satirizing contemporary events and social currents: Prepare for rhyme-I`ll publish, right or wrong: Fools are my theme, let Satire be my song. It is no secret that Byron shaped his demonic hero on his own character and his own experiences. The real background of his poems makes his scenes and adventures seem more vivid and close to the reader. So it is no wonder that his straightforward style and his hatred of censorship met with such international adoration. Byron in Russia When Byrons works conquered Europe, his influence very quickly reached Russia where his works, especially Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, inspired two of the greatest Russian Romantic writers – Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. When his work came to Russia, it became an instant hit among Russian authors.Even the very young authors, who would later shape the Russian realism, like Turgenev, read and admired Byrons work. Daniel Hocutt writes that Most Russian writers viewed Byrons work in one of two ways: late sentimentalists admired his vivid and tender sensitivity; later Romantics emphasized their heros bleak colouring and rebellious passions . Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was the first Russian author to publicly praise Byron and openly imitate his style. E ugene Onegin: the first Russian Byronic hero? Alexander Pushkin was the first authentic Russian Romantic poet and the leader of the National Romantic movement.He appreciated Byron and used the motive of the Byronic hero in his best known work Eugene Onegin. Pushkin imitated high Byronism in his narrative poems and lyrics written in Southern Russia between 1820 and 1824 Readers compared Pushkins and Byrons lives, focusing on sexual scandal, exile, and advocacy for Greek and other nationalist movements. Pushkin briefly encouraged such comparisons, announcing in 1822 that his new poem-in-progress, Eugene Onegin, was in spirit of Don Juan, but he quickly backtracked when his satire suffered from comparison to Byrons. Eugene Onegin, the protagonist of the work, is a young man who suffers from the typical Romantic boredom, the spleen. The work begins when Eugene grows bored of St. Petersburg (city, the very place of corruption) and wants to run away from his life there. He has even grown t ired of women and has given up his books. After death of his uncle, he goes away to the countryside. There he meets a young woman Tatyana who falls in love with him. However, being a cold Romantic outsider, Eugene politely turns her down only to fall in love with her in the end of the story.But then it is her turn to turn him down because she has a husband and does not want to compromise her pride and reputation. Although Pushkin tried to make his main character resemble a Byronic hero (Eugene even has a picture of Byron on his shelf), when he gave him the power to confess his feelings and change his nature, he moved away from the original, thus creating a specific type of a Russian Romantic hero: a hero with pretensions to change his miserable destiny. A true Byronic hero would carry on with his fate, without trying to change it and would most certainly continue running away from his emotions.Byronic Hero of our Time Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was killed in a gun duel, much like his predecessor Pushkin, at an early age of 27. It is interesting that they both had their main characters fight duels in their books. Of course, Onegin and Pechorin both managed to save their lives. Mikhail Lermontov had a much more complicated relationship with his British idol. First, he admitted resemblance to Byron in his poem Dont think me worthy of pity and then stated that he is not Byron but a true Russian poet in his poem No, Im not Byron:No, Im not Byron; I am, yet, Another choice for the sacred dole, Like him a persecuted soul, But only of the Russian set. I early start and end the whole, And will not win the future days; Like in an ocean, in my soul, A cargo of lost hopes stays. Who, oh, my ocean severe, Could read all secrets in your scroll? Wholl tell the people my idea? Im God or no one at all! However, he is the Russian author who managed to come the closest to the original idea of a Byronic hero through the character of Pechorin in his work Hero of our Time.Although he made a whole list of Byronic references, such as doctor Verner having a limp, or Princess Mary reading Byron among other authors, it is the protagonist, Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin that captur es our imagination from the first page. He suffers from spleen, enjoys danger and seduction of beautiful women. He does not do it purely for the fun, which we can clearly see from his journal, but is afraid of commitment and therefore runs away from his feelings.He chooses to stay unhappy in order to keep his freedom: Id make any sacrifice but thistwenty times I can stake my life, even my honor, but my freedom Ill never sell. Why do I prize it so much? What do I find in it? What am I aiming at? What have I to expect from the future? Nothing, absolutely nothing. Its some innate fear, an inexplicable foreboding . . . Conclusion Russia of the early 19th century was a gloomy and turbulent place. It was a time of growing nationalist ideas and revolutionary thoughts, a time of lord Byrons literary influence. Byrons struggles and support for national and regional independence movements influenced Decembrists and other revolutionaries in the 1820s. One such revolutionary was Alexander Pushkin, most famous of the Russian Romantic poets, who was exiled to his mothers estate as a result of his involvement in and support of the 1825 uprising. Pushkins impact on Russian Romanticism cannot be minimized, particularly as it relates to Mikhail Lermontov, the last famous Russian Romantic writer. Voraciously reading Byrons poetry and prose in the original, in translation, and in loose interpretation, these Russian writers dedicated themselves for over a decade to write as Byron wrote and to live as Byron lived. Both Pushkin and Lermontov thoroughly read and enjoyed Byrons work and each of them by being a bit of Byronic her oes themselves, helped to shape a new type of a Russian Romantic hero.

Are standards really necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Are standards really necessary - Essay Example The tasks in making the financial statement are becoming more and more complicated because of the changes in the disclosure and regulatory requirements. According to the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) (2009), the interest on such regulation has given much attention because of the impact of the financial crisis, issues of accuracy and the increasing number of business and stakeholders today. If the increase of regulatory requirement is a meaningful improvement, then understanding on some of its aspects should be enumerated to see if the regulations have contributed to the problems, and whether companies and financial institutions could have acted more responsibly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus this paper will give focus on whether standards are really necessary in the preparation of financial statements. It will also consider the question if the governing regulations are too much to be implemented. And lastly, whether the company is using the improved or the traditional way, the advantage and disadvantages will be tackled. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has drawn up and published a new set of accounting standards called the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which are now applied globally (Weets, n.d., p. 1). According to the International Accounting Standards Board (2007, p. 28), IFRS is developed by an open public observation that involves accountants and different financial statement users around the world. IFRS development and interpretations are all through an international due process. Authorities are establishing this heavy-handed and more complex approach because of the recent failures of regulation. Many countries including the 9,000 public companies in European Union, Middle East, Russia, China, Japan and Australia believe that this new regulation is the appropriate solution

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Ethics - Essay Example that there is only one right or better way to think about moral problems; â€Å"for example, the same figure can be seen as a square or a diamond, depending on its orientation in relation to a surrounding frame†¦a bird-watcher and a rabbit-keeper are likely to see the duck-rabbit figure in different ways, yet this difference does not imply that one way is better or a higher form of perceptual organization.† (p.229). Gilligan is imperative on the thinking that the conception of the moral domain is comprised of at least two moral orientations, and that these orientations raise new questions about observed differences in moral judgment and the disappointments to which they give rise. Factors such as the necessary distinction between differences in developmental stage and differences in orientation are strong issues in her discussion, and it is stated pronouncedly that her research on moral orientation derives from an observation which was made in the course of studying the relationship between moral judgment and action. Gilligan also speaks strongly about the issue of abortion, explaining that the language of the public abortion debate reveals a specific and significant justice perspective. â€Å"Whether the abortion dilemma is cast as a conflict of rights or in terms of respect for human life, the claims of the fetus and of the pregnant woman are balanced or placed in opposition.† (p.233) Gilligan uses various studies in her research and writing, in order to show the relation between the ethics of care and the issue of justice. One study of particular importance in this case is the one which two medical students were cast to each report a decision not to turn in someone who has violated the school rules against drinking, and who â€Å"cast their decision in different terms. One student constructs the decision as a net of mercy, a decision to override justice in light of the fact that the violator has shown ‘the proper degrees of contrition.’† (p.234). This study