Nazi Germany Essay Example for Free

Nazi Germany Essay In Nazi Germany during the Third Reich, which began in the early 1930’s, the role of Women in the society was greatly affected by different policies that were created by the totalitarian government system. Some of these policies included the Law of Encouragement of Marriage, the Lebensborn program, and the Law for Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). The law of Encouragement of Marriage said that newly wed couples would be given a loan of 1000 marks and for each child that they had they would be allowed to deduct 250 marks from their loan (Trueman). This meant that if a family had 4 or more children they would pay their entire loan off. The Lebensborn Program of 1936 meant that racially pure Aryan women, usually unmarried, would live in Lebensborn houses while they carried the children of SS men in secret (The â€Å"Lebensborn† Program). Once the child was born, they were given to the SS organization to educate the child and facilitate their adoption. All men and women who applied to live in the Lebensborn houses first needed to pass a racially pure test. This test included tracing the family’s genetics back at least 3 generations and blonde hair and blue eyes were preferred (The â€Å"Lebensborn† Program). The Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring meant that women who were considered to be racially impure or undesirable were sterilized so that they would not be able to produce more offspring. These laws were designed to increase the population of â€Å"pure† Germans and increase the amount of soldiers and mothers that lived in Germany (Turk). The policies that were imposed upon women in Nazi Germany can be considered both successful and unsuccessful. When these policies were first imposed, everyone complied with the policies and women began bearing more children (Women in the Nazi State). As a result, women were forced to commit themselves to the domestic life thus forfeiting their chance to be employed outside of the home. While more women committed themselves to domestic life, more men were able to take their jobs. Through these laws the population increased dramatically and women and girls now had the opportunity to help support the Nazi organizations (German Women and 3 Ks). The policies were unsuccessful because Germany lost the war and thus they did not need all of these pure Germans to populate these territories because they lost control of them when the war was lost. The women were also needed  to work when the war was in its most intense period, but due to the policies that were imposed on women, they were used to living a solely domestic life and did not want to return to the workforce (German Women and 3 Ks). The policies were unsuccessful as well, because there was a large amount of discrimination towards women, limiting their rights as German citizens. The Nazi party, through imposing these policies, increased the German population from 66 million people in 1933 to 68 million people in 1938 (Ganse), which is the main reason these policies could be considered a success. Work cited: Allison, Fiona. The Role of Women in Nazi Germany 1939-1945 West European History. N.p., hhhhhh8 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Ganse, Alexander. History of Germany. World History at KMLA. Korean Minjork Leadership Academy, 11 Sept. 2008. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. German Women and 3 Ks. German Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Simkin, John. Women in Nazi Germany . Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational hhhhhhPublishers, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. The â€Å"Lebensborn† Program. Jewish Virtual Library. N.p., 27 Apr. 2000. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Trueman, Chris. The Role of Women in Nazi Germany. History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. hhhhhhWeb. 23 Aug. 2012. Turk, Eleanor L. Nazi Germany, 1933-1939. World History at KMLA. N.p., 7 Feb. 2011. Web. hhhhhh23 Aug. 2012. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. â€Å"Women in the Third Reich† Holocaust Encyclopedia. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Women in the Nazi State. BBC GCSE Bitesize. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.

Adaptation To Climate Change In Mauritius Environmental Sciences Essay

Adaptation To Climate Change In Mauritius Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change has been the most debated environmental issue in the political ecology arena in the last two decades. After initiating global discussions in 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio, the United Nations established the Framework Convention in 1994 on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Subsequently, the Kyoto protocol was signed in 1997 by nations except the United States. Many rounds of negotiations have been going on to combat climate change since then. Among other problems resulting from climate change, sea temperature rise in addition to modifications in the intensity and extremes of precipitation patterns and storms are of great importance. Consequent floods and droughts as well as rises in sea level are affecting water quality and aggravating water pollution. Observational records and climate projections provide abundant evidence that freshwater resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be strongly impacted by climate change, with wide-ranging consequences for human societies and ecosystems.(Bates et al., 2008, p.3). Mauritius forms part of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) which are among the least responsible for climate change (UNFCCC, 2005, p.2.) but are more prone to suffer from its adverse effects. The UNFCC report also reveals that 60 per cent of the water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes in Mauritius comes from groundwater and boreholes found near the coast might be adversely impacted by saltwater intrusion (UNFCCC, 2005, p.17). Current solutions to climate change impacts vary from mitigation, which implies reducing the level of human activities that cause climate change, to adaptation, namely by finding ways to lessen vulnerability and minimise harm caused by the impacts. While mitigation is the most suitable solution, it will not bring immediate results and adaptation is consequently a heavily discussed option. As an institutional endeavour to handle adaptation to climate change in Mauritius, the government has an ongoing project under the Africa Adaptation Program, the ultimate goal being revision of policies and identification of adaptation measures for further implementation. However, for successful achievement of policy measures about adaptation to climate change, much public acceptance, understanding and participation is needed. The aim of this research is an understanding and analysis of the perception of undergraduates in Mauritius regarding climate change and adaptation to it, principally with regard to the water resources sector. The findings are meant to help the ongoing governmental program of adaptation to climate change in Mauritius by exploring in particular the perception of young academics with regard to the water sector, identifying their preferred adaptation options and assessing their willingness of participation in implementing measures. Introduction The threat from further global warming has catapulted the environment to the summit of the political agenda with climate change as a major concern. The environment envelops an extended range of inter-reliant troubles: flood, drought, desertification, water shortage, deforestation, storm surges, food and malnutrition, species extinction, human health, soil erosion and waste to name a few. As such, the link between the natural and social magnitude of environmental problems can be clearly made. The degree of impact of climate change upon different bionetwork and state economies will depend not only on the sensitivity of those systems to the problem, but also on their aptitude to climate change adaptation. Climate change in itself is a massive crisis and encapsulates several spheres such as impact on Food and Agriculture, Land usage for settlement, tourism, the fisheries sector, Human health, and water resources among others. Water is indispensable to human life and many activities. Our climate, our biosphere and our socio-economic systems are interconnected in an intricate fashion, such that a change in any one of these induces a change in another. Anthropogenic climate change adds a major pressure to nations that are already tackling the issue of sustainable freshwater use. The challenges related to freshwater are: having too much water, having too little water, and having too much pollution. Each of these problems may be aggravated by climate change. For that reason, the correlation between climate change and water resources is of primary concern and significance. So far, water resource issues with respect to climate change have not been adequately tackled pertaining to policy formulations. Consequently, adjusting to or dealing with climate change will become necessary in certain regions and for certain socioeconomic and ecological systems. The need for adaptation may be scaled by ever growing populations especially in areas susceptible to these extreme events. Adaptation now appears to emerge as a new potential solution to the climate change but is not always very comprehensive. From definitions, adaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts (IPCC, 2007). In other words, it refers to changes in normal processes, customary practices, and structures to restrain likely damages or to profit from opportunity related with climate change. It should be however highlighted that adaptation to environmental change is not a new concept. Our civilization has demonstrated throughout History a strong adaptation capability to different weather conditions and natural changes. T his recent global and local issue of adaptation requires a scientific, economic, political, social and cultural approach and is a multifaceted situation that calls for understanding and recognition by all stakeholders, including decision-makers and the society in general. The island of Mauritius forms part of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) with special needs and concerns and is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Human induced climate change such as global warming as well as natural disasters like tsunami and storms have a direct impact on the water resources of SIDS. Being categorized as high priority, freshwater quality and quantity in addition to management and planning demands urgent adaptation action and financial resources to support such action. (WGII TAR Chapter 17). According to the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDFC) established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), countries should prepare and submit a National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) which enumerates ranked priority adaptation activities and projects to facilitate the development of proposals for implementation. Under the Water Sector priority, SIDS which have already submitted their NAPA (as at Septembe r 2008) have been taken into consideration, to be able to derive similarities and consequent adaptation and mitigation actions to climate change planned by them. This will be used as a basis to analyse their applicability in Mauritius, which has not yet documented its NAPA. SIDS taken into consideration are : In the region of Africa: Cape Verde, Comoros, Guinea Bissau, and Sao Tome e Principe In the region of Asia and the Pacific: Kiribati, Maldives, Samoa, Tuvalu, Vanuatu In the region of Latin America and the Carribean: Haiti Analysis have resulted into specific key problem areas namely, the unavailability or limited availability of drinkable water due to changing weather conditions and the lack of proper infrastructures to manage and sustain water resources, the deterioration of the quality of potable water owing to several factors (for e.g. saline intrusion from sea level rise, soil erosion, unplanned sewerage development, bad waste water management amongst others in underground water sources), poor agricultural production and the negative effects on food security (for e.g production shortages, disruption in the vegetative growing, traditional irrigation methods etc) and other problem factors related to water specific to each SIDS (for example airports of Maldives suffered significant damages due to flooding in addition to impending threat of sea level rise, tsunami caused destruction of the poor sewerage systems, use of traditional sources of water for eg in Sao Tome e Principe) Various global and SIDS adaptation options being either implemented or proposed and which can be considered for implementations in the local context are listed below: Development of water harnessing, collection and storage infrastructures by building reservoirs and dams, encouraging use of individual water-saving devices and promoting safe rainwater harvesting through ground catchment and roof catchment systems, Elaboration of decentralized management plans on water production and distribution infrastructures, Elaboration and implementation of legislation and regulation, with practical modalities of application very defined, Design and construction of suitable sewage treatment and disposal systems to safeguard water resources, Establishing modeling maps and an information and monitoring system on water resources Institutionalization of management system, with the purpose of putting in practice the national politics of the water resources, Reducing leakage in supply systems, Carrying out participatory research on the knowledge of traditional practices of adaptation to the variations of the water cycle. As an institutional endeavour to handle adaptation to climate change in Mauritius, the government also has an ongoing documentation project under the Africa Adaptation Program, the ultimate goal being revision of policies and identification of adaptation measures for further implementation. However, according to Breton et al. (p.15), political measures regarding climate change will require a certain degree of acceptance and public understanding to be able to be implemented. What is climate change in the eyes of the public? What do citizens believe can be done to lessen damages caused by adverse impacts? A study by Leiserowitz in 2007 on international public perception states that social scientists have found that public risk perceptions strongly influence the way people respond to hazards (p.1). Thus, comprehension of how the public perceives climate change and adaptation is a key element in directing the actions that enable both raising awareness and motivating behavioral changes in the population at large. The study of public perception on climate change is of major importance nowadays, as Leiserowitz confirms Since 1988, numerous public opinion polls have found that Americans, Europeans, and Japanese are increasingly aware of and concerned about global climate change and supportive of a wide range of mitigation and adaptation policies (2007, p.3) and different international studies agree on the point that citizens concern for climate change is high. If we look again at the study carried out by Leiserowitz, the conclusion is that large majorities worldwide already believe that climate change is a very serious problem and are growing more concerned (2007, p.34). Globescan (2000 cited in Leiserowitz 2007, p.29) adds that on rating the seriousness of eight environmental issues, water resources ranks first and the results of a survey of 34 countries demonstrate very high levels of public concern about a wide range of environmental issues, from local problems like water and air pollution to global problems like ozone depletion and climate change. In a new survey of 30 countries, Globescan (2001 cited in Leiserowitz 2007, p.11) also finds that Worldwide, the potential impacts of climate change on human health were the single most cited, followed by drought and water shortages, species loss, and extreme weather events whereby drought and water shortages hold a second place as being one possible impact most concerning people personally. According to findings of another survey carried out on climate change belief in Britain (Poortinga et al., 2006, p.19) in 2005, an overwhelming majority of respondents (91%) believe that the worlds climate is changing. The survey concludes that a clear majority of respondents (62%) also indicate that every possible action should be taken against climate change (2006, p. 19), and almost half of the respondents would be prepared to take part in a public discussion or hearing about climate change (2006, p.13). A study by Maddison in 2007 of the public perception of agriculturalists in 11 African countries regarding climate change mentions that When temperatures change farmers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ practice increased water conservation (p. 2). This research will be focusing on the perception of Mauritian university undergraduates on the topic of climate change and adaptation to it, particularly with regard to the water resources sector. The findings of the research would be made available to policy-makers to enable them to propose more practical, focused policies and measures and to deal with the priority level that academics give to adaptation. The background of the proposed study is of great interest because the university students will be required in the future to participate in the implementation of various adaptation and mitigation measures both as citizens and decision makers. Aims and objectives The aim of this research is an understanding and analysis of the perception of undergraduates in Mauritius regarding climate change and adaptation to it, principally with regard to the water resources sector. This research is meant to help an ongoing governmental program of adaptation to climate change in Mauritius by exploring in particular the issue of perception of young academics. Awareness of the perception of climate change and adaptation as well as attitudes and preferences of young academics in Mauritius can help in setting up adaptation priorities specific to the island. Fostering the involvement of young people can facilitate better design of guidelines to adapt to the concerns of the population and aid in producing more effective communication policies. The objective of the study is to discover the view of the university students with regard to climate change and its associated events and whether they perceive implementation of any adaptation measure in the water resources sector to have taken place by now. Another objective will be to ascertain the preferences of those youngsters on the subject of adaptation and mitigation options with respect to the water resources area. The paper will also target to find out whether academic youngsters notice any obstruction to adaptation and will attempt to discover the proportion of youngsters that are aware of climate change but have not yet reacted. Matters considered would be whether they believe climate change to be a very serious problem, their extent of concern for climate change, their view on the duty of institutions to overcome barriers to adaptation, their level of knowledge and information and their preferences regarding different adaptation options. Their rating of seriousness of wa ter resources compared to a range of environmental issues will also be assessed in addition to which extent they consider droughts and water shortages to be a personal concern. The research therefore endeavors to improve our understanding of the links between undergraduates perceptions on climate change and its impacts with regards to water-related issues on one hand, as well as adaptation and mitigation response options preferred by those youngsters, on the other hand. The research will also be carried out in an attempt to inform policymakers and stakeholders about the implications of climate change and climate change response options for water resources, in order to facilitate better design of guidelines to adapt to the concerns of the population and aid in producing more effective awareness campaigns and education policies if necessary. . List of hypotheses Based on several researches that have been done at global level regarding the public perception of climate change and adaptation in the field of water resources, our first hypothesis for this study is that large majorities worldwide already believe that climate change is a very serious problem and are growing more concerned (Leiserowitz, 2007, p.34). The second hypothesis of our study is that when rating the seriousness of a range of environmental issues, water resources problem is ranked first, as confirmed by the findings of the survey of 34 countries carried out by Globescan (2000 cited in Leiserowitz 2007, p.29). The third hypothesis is based on the survey of 30 countries carried out by Globescan (2001 cited in Leiserowitz 2007, p.11) whereby among a list of possible impacts of climate change, drought and water shortages ranked first and second respectively, as being one most possible impact concerning people personally. Methodology The study will be based on a structured questionnaire survey to be carried out at the University of Technology, Mauritius, and the University of Mauritius. The targeted respondents would include some 240 fulltime students, equally divided between each university. A batch of 60 undergraduates studying environment and sustainable development subjects at Level 1 will be selected, as well as a group of 60 level 1 students following other courses, as a pre-survey tactic. To get data on their level of knowledge, another set of level 3 students, 60 learning environment and sustainable development subjects and 60 studying other subjects will also be interrogated. The respondents will be selected considering gender equality and there will be no age limit, so long that the students are either at Level 1 or level 3 of their studies. The questionnaire will be prepared by considering the significance of the knowledge of the academics and to ensure that our objectives will be met. The feedback form will be in English language, which undergraduates will have no difficulty to understand. The interviewers will assist the participants by discussing all questions in the survey document. Survey questions will cover several topics linked to climate change and adaptation in the water resources sector, including: Awareness of climate change and its associated events; Awareness of adaptation measures that exist or can be proposed in the water sector; Perception that implementation of any adaptation measure in the water resources sector has already occurred; preferences regarding adaptation and mitigation options with respect to the water resources area; perceived obstruction to adaptation; Perception of the duty of institutions to overcome barriers to adaptation; Perception on degree of availability of knowledge and information on the matter; Degree of agreement to participate in public debates on the issue of water resources, and Proportion of youngsters that are aware of climate change but have not yet reacted to that, including grounds for action and non action. Open-ended questions will be used regarding grounds for action and non action as well as to gather any personal adaptation proposal not listed in the feedback form. The data obtained during the questionnaire survey will be summarized by making use of computer software for statistical analysis. Benefits of the research Policy-makers at the level of the State and local Government and local authorities will benefit from the findings of the research as they will be able to propose more practical, focused policies and measures which will help in solving the problem of adaptation to climate change in the water resources sector locally. The study will also help in setting up adaptation priorities specific to the island. The Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities, the Central Water Authority and the Waste Water Management Authority will benefit from the findings of the study when drafting their policy document regarding water resource and its sustainable management. The undergraduates themselves and the academic society in general would benefit from the findings which will indicate the priority level tertiary level students give to this question of adaptation in the field of water resources. Fostering the involvement of young people can also facilitate better design of guidelines to adapt to the concerns of the whole population and aid in producing more effective communication policies, which will be advantageous to the general public. The future generation would gain from the study as the findings would help the current generation in devising practical solutions which will foster sustainable development, given that adverse climate change impacts, if not mitigated, prevent a country from succeeding in the implementation of its sustainable development goals. Time plan The duration of the project is of 12 weeks starting as from Saturday 13 March 2010 till the Saturday 29 May 2010. Figure 1 shows a Gantt chart that has been prepared in this respect to illustrate the project task duration against time. The Gantt chart allows up to date monitoring of the project at any point in time and should the project digress against final plan, remedial actions can thus be taken without delay. Figure 1: Gantt chart for research project Cost Estimates Project Component Total Costs 1 Questionnaire Printing: Photocopy costs Rs 1500 2 Questionnaire distribution and Collection: Transport costs Rs 1000 3 Communications Rs 3000 4 Miscellaneous costs (stationery and others) Rs 500 Total costs estimates Rs 6000

The Jazz Age Essay -- essays research papers

The Jazz music of the Big Band Era was the peak of over thirty years of musical development. Jazz was so innovative and different that it could literally sweep the world, changing the musical styles of nearly every country. Big band Jazz that makes the feet tap and the heart race with excitement that it is recognized with nearly every type of music. The musical and cultural revolution that brought about Jazz was a direct result of African-Americans pursuing careers in the arts following the United States civil war. As slaves African-Americans has learned few European cultural traditions. With more freedom to pursue careers in the arts and bringing African artistic traditions to their work, African-Americans changed music and dance, not only in the U.S., but all over the world. For after the war, African American dancers and musicians created work that was not similar by hundreds of years of musical and dance traditions brought from the peasant villages of Europe. The music of Europe had a more base structure. European music through the nineteenth century was melodically based, with a square or waltz rhythmic structure. Differently, much African music has an organization which is based around rhythm and accent, rhythms and accents that may actually shift and move in relation to each other as the music progresses. The big change that took place in music rhythmically was the shift away from the rhythmic structure. African musical tradition tends to count towards the accented beat so that an African may count 2 on the same beat a European would count 1. It is typical of West African music to have rhythms of different lengths overlapping each other, creating shifting accents, sort of like a mix. Which is to say that by the late 1920's African-American Jazz music had developed a tradition where musicians put a strong rhythmic accent on "2" and "4" and melodic accents anywhere BUT on "1." The first popular musical trend in the United States produced by this African-European combination was Ragtime, which first achieved popularity in the late 19th century. Ragtime musicians often used what are called "ragged" rhythms. Ragged rhythms were African-influenced rhythms, shortened so that the accent was "off" the beat, instead of in rhythm with the beat. Ragtime musicians also occasionally used what were called "bl... ...and. For the next several years Henderson arranged tunes for Goodman band in a Jazz/Swing style. Henderson's arrangements are credited with helping sweep the Goodman band to national popularity the following year at the finish of an apparently unsuccessful cross-country tour in California. As it turned out, the radio broadcasts of the tour were scheduled too late for people in the east and midwest. On the west coast, however, the broadcasts gained a devoted audience who, surprising the band, swarmed its final concerts. And it was with Benny Goodman that the Swing big band boom began, and our narrative on Jazz draws to a close. After Goodman's dramatic success ignited the Big Band craze, excellent musicians who had been working as sidemen for other bands found encouragement to start their own bands. Bands led by the Dorseys, Glenn Miller, Bunny Berrigan, Lionel Hampton, Harry James, and Gene Krupa sprang into being.With big band Swing music in full bloom, it was only logical that jitterbug dancing should also rocket to national popularity, which it did. Jazz music had an amazing affect on the â€Å"Roaring Twenties.† It tells many stories of sadness, experience and most of all, life.

Prostitution in the 19th and 20th Centuries Essay -- Prostitute Prosti

During the late 19th- and early 20th century, the nature of society forced the working class women of America to take advantage of any means to support themselves, including prostitution. Each woman had to decide herself which work option best supported her financially. During this time, women had limited options as far as work was concerned. As time went on, more and more women were forced to work, because they had no husband and no other means of building up a dowry for a husband. By 1910 the wage labor force was made up of about 20% of women as young as fourteen. The wages these women earned were unbelievably low, and at times as much as 80% lower than the wages men earned. Possible job opportunities for the women included options such as a textile factory, which consisted of clothing and fabric production. In these factories, the women ran high risks to their health. More wealthy people would hire these women for domestic services such as nannies, or house servants. These jobs sometimes required the woman to live at that residence, and the women ran the constant risk of being molested by a higher-class ranking individual. Department stores were also willing to hire women. However, the set-back to this type of work was that the women we re sometimes expected to purchase expensive dress up clothing that most of the time they couldn’t afford. The women were advised to â€Å"round out their meager salaries by finding a ‘†gentleman friend†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to purchase clothing and pleasures†(Peiss, 79). Prostitution was a reliable work engagement that many women participated in. Why did the women feel this was their best option? Several critical, attractive benefits that only prostitution offered contributed to women’s’ choice of ... ...dle-class reform women could have reversed their movements from the women, and turned them toward the men who were putting the prostitutes in business. Those prostitutes could not have been prostitutes if it were not for the eager men paying them for it. However, perhaps a reason this was not done was because the reform women did not have the means to do something as drastic as this because they were, after all, women in a time of man control. Women did not have the same leisurely rights to do as they pleased that men had. I feel that both the reform women and the working-class prostitutes had reasonable bounds for what they fought for. I think that if women had had the rights that men did, prostitution may never have existed. Therefore, personally I blame the men for neglecting women rights, and forcing them to find other, less moral ways to support themselves.

Developing Managers :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Developing Managers: The Functional, the Symbolic, the Sacred and the Profane [*]. Author/s: Ken Kamoche Abstract This paper offers a new perspective on international management by examining the role of culture and management development in creating international expertise, a sense of identity and realizing organizational control. A critical analysis of the culture transmission and management development philosophy and practice of a UK-based transnational reveals how the transmission of culture accomplishes management development objectives, while management development itself serves as a vehicle for the transmission of the desired corporate values. This recursiveness is sustained by a corporate ideology that urges the creation of integrative values and, in turn, is legitimized by the quest for favourable functional and symbolic consequences. Descriptors: management training and development, culture, ideology, functionalism, symbolism Introduction Reconciling headquarter-subsidiary interests while maintaining a distinct identity continues to be a major challenge for multinational firms, hence the think global/act local paradox. For Ghoshal and Bartlett (1990) this problem can be addressed by effectively handling the network of exchange relationships. Other solutions include socialization and the management of expatriates (e.g. Edstrom and Galbraith 1977; Tung 1982); managing relationships between expatriates and host-country subordinates (e.g. Shaw 1990); creating cultural synergy (e.g. Adler 1980); fostering cooperative relationships and developing conflict-resolution mechanisms (e.g. Doz et al. 1981); diffusing 'best proven practices' (e.g. Rosenzweig and Singh 1991); reconciling organizational linkages (e.g. Borys and Jemison 1989) and diffusing and leveraging knowledge (e.g. Gupta and Govindarajan 1991; Kamoche 1996). Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989: 187) found that successful transnational firms used management development 'to build cultural norms, sha pe organizational processes and influence individual managerial behaviour in a way that reinforced worldwide strategies and organizational objectives'. This implies a potentially integrative role for culture and management training and development (MTD). Going beyond the typical concern with 'better skills', this study offers a much more complex and multi-faceted picture of MTD which reveals an intricate interplay between MTD and corporate culture. We show how managers in a multinational firm disguised as International Products (IP) account for their training and career development activities and how they rationalize such activities in terms of an integrative corporate culture. [1] Thus, MTD serves as a tool for the transmission of culture, while a putative integrative culture in turn furnishes the rationale for MTD. This recursiveness finds legitimacy in the ideological premise, promulgated by senior management, that it is in the joint interests of the firm and the managers to absorb and internalize the organizational values inherent in the corporate culture, because this helps managers to secure a high-flying career.

Maintaining Patient Safety Essay

Maintaining Patient Safety When working in an acute care setting such as a hospital, safety is the number one priority. A safe environment greatly reduces the risk for illness or injury. It’s not only for the patient; it’s also for the healthcare provider. For a nurse, it begins when she/he meets the patient. She must assess the room and make sure there is no debris littered on the floor, that all IV tubing is untangled and not on the floor, and that the patient’s bed is down in the lowest position with both side rails up. One mistake that has been committed is having the patient’s bed in a high level in order to prevent back strain, but then remembering that they forgot the linens and leave the room with the patient basically â€Å"in the air†. The problem with this is that is the patient is drowsy, or groggy, or is incapable of walking and ends up rolling and falling off. The patient could also be of a different height and assume their feet will touch the floor and instead end up falling off the side of the bed. This is why before you leave a room you must make sure to lower the bed back to its original position, low. Although the bed has four side rails you can only keep two up at a time unless ordered by a physician for the patient’s safety, otherwise it is considered false imprisonment. In order to avoid this easily avoidable error we must remember to finish what we complete with the patient and then to lower the bed and make sure the side rails are raised. If by chance we forgot something outside of the patient’s room, stop and lower the bed, and when you return, raise it again. Without these cautionary details, a patient could fall and end up remaining hospitalized for an extended time.

The Relationship Between School Principals Education Essay

AbstractionThe intent of this survey is to see the relationship between leading manners associated with physical instruction instructors efficiency at school scenes. To this end,40 school principals and 40 male and female physical instruction instructors at secondary schools were indiscriminately assigned to take part in the survey. School principals public presentation assessed with Fiddler leading manner questionnaire with dependability coefficient of 0.86 by teachers.Also, teachers`performance evaluated with instructor -made questionnaire with cogency coefficient of 0.87 ( Cronbach Alpha ) completed by the pupils. Data distribution was normal shown in this survey utilizing kolmogorov-smirnov trial.Additionally, statistical method in footings of statistical theoretical account is parametric, while non-parametric statistics is employed for heterogenous groups through which desired hypotheses discussed utilizing Pearson correlativity trial, Spearman correlativity coefficient and T -test. Results indicate that there exists a important relationship between the leading manner of school principals and physical instruction instructors efficiency at 5 % significance degree. The consequences show that participative leading manner would stop up with significant efficiency of male and female instruction instructors, whereas important leading manner has shown the lowest efficiency. Cardinal words: leading manner, important leading manner, participative leading manner, school principals, instructorsIntroductionAcerate leaf to state that human resources play a considerable function in the development of communities. Therefore, the states will develop merely if they take a great figure of human resources into history. Today, educational direction encompasses constructs like leading, counsel and, therefore, in order to achieve its coveted ends, the educational system should reconsider its educational system direction. The educational direction shall optimally use the human and physical resources to happen its ends. The school direction is considered as one of the of import facets of the educational system.Thus, it is necessary to acknowledge the factors act uponing the school principals ‘ leading and public presentation which, in bend, can better the instructors ‘ efficiency and effectivity. Due to increasing figure of pupils, there is a demand to develop efficient and adept instructors in educational system.Of class, the educational ends wo n't be achieved unless there are important alterations in the ideas, cognition and attitudes in this respect. So, if we want our educational system develops, we have to better the cognition accomplishments, information, ideas, attitudes, leading manners and working forms of school principals and instructors who closely interact with pupils. Historically, the civilisations have witnessed that the educated and skilled human resources would efficaciously change over the traditional communities into developed 1s. Consequently, the development is extremely dependent upon the direction cognition, particularly in footings of instruction every bit good as efficient human resources. Education is closely associated with the development and opens promising skylines for the hereafter. In other words, the educational system of every society reflects its hereafter. Alvin Toffler argues that if educational system does n't fix pupils for the hereafter and provides them with an unrealistic and incorrect image of the hereafter, it will, surely, be considered as incompetent and unreliable. Sing the of import function of educational system in the development of states, it seems sensible to use scientific findings for the direction of educational centres so as to increase the instructors ‘ efficiency, effectivity and motive so that they try to work better and efficaciously.Applications of leading mannersLeadership behavior theory: The humanistic leaders pay particular attending to the organisation members, whereas organisation – oriented leaders prefer organisation missions to the persons. Life rhythm: The important leading manner fits the immature persons whom the leader should command magisterially, while participative leading suits extremely mature personsLikert direction system.System1: This sort of direction does n't be given to swear the subsidiaries. Hence the whole determination – doing procedure takes topographic point at top – degree direction and the sub – ordinates are rarely involved in the determination – devising procedure. System 4: In contrast with system 1, here the direction trusts the subsidiaries. In add-on, the determination – devising occurs across the organisation. Furthermore, there is a great bond among all facets of the organisation. Fiddler ‘s surveies show that undertaking – oriented leaders perform good when the conditions are either desirable or unfavourable.On the other manus, relationship – oriented leaders work best when the conditions are comparatively favourable. Task – orientated leading manner Relationship – orientated leading manner Task – orientated leading manner Favorable conditions Relatively satisfactory conditions Unfavorable conditions The consequences show that application of specific leading manners relative to a particular state of affairs can both ensue in a favourable and sound on the job environment and increase the instructors ‘ motive toward working efficaciously.The survey findings show the school principals ‘ leading manner has the most noticeable impact upon the physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency. Conversely, the important leading manner has the least consequence upon the instructor ‘s efficiency. Court lewin etal ( 1981 ) studied five groups of kids and grownups in public assistance centre at Ohio university and found out that the group members, under democratic ( participative ) leading, would develop their creativeness, cooperation and public presentation.On the other manus, working with opinionative leading would ensue in considerable dependence, minimal creativeness and group spirit every bit good as failure in kids. Haim ( 1992 ) believed that the leading manner h as nil to make with the direction end – scene.So it is concluded that efficiency and leading manner seemingly do n't travel with each other. Gen ( 2004 ) argued that the transmutation – oriented leaders would act upon the organisational civilization, staff duties and their occupation satisfaction. Bruce and Russel ‘s ( 2004 ) surveies indicate the of import difference between map and transmutation – oriented leaders.Here, the transmutation – oriented ( participative ) leaders are advanced and originative, whereas map – oriented ( important ) leaders are more dependent upon the bing construction in the organisation. Madani quoted Dessler ( 1994 ) that many behavioural scientists believe that participative leading is more effectual than important leading. participative leaders encourage and reenforce their employees so that they have higher morale. Besides, a group of employees with the important leading shows, at first, high public presentation, but finally they get disappointed in the short tally. Fallahi ( 1995 ) maintains that the highest mark for the mental wellness belongs to instructors in schools whose school principals have used participative methods Nazari ( 1998 ) concluded in his survey that staff engagement in determination devising causes them to experience nearer to their organisation. Nourbakhsh, and Mohammad ( 2004 ) argued that among the leading manners, rational leading manner was most normally used followed by participative leading which was associated with low undertaking supervising and high attending to human dealingss within the organisation. Ehsan Hashemi ( 2005 ) believe the success of any organisation in accomplishing preset ends depends on how the school principals prosecute direction patterns and effectual direction manners. In fact, direction and leading manner are easing and actuating factors that straight and indirectly has considerable impact on staff`s occupation satisfaction and better their efficiency Alvani et Al ( 2005 ) concluded that school principals and skilled professionals holding scientific thoughts tend to happen the aims of the organisation through trainig and scientific betterment in the degree of organisation. The findings of this research can assist school principals opt for direction and leading manners appropriate for physical instruction decision makers and school principals and other similar organisations to increase efficiency and productiveness instructors and employees.Original Iranian text:U† U?O ±O?O ®O? U? U†¦O ­U†¦O?US ( 1383 ) U†¦O?O?U‚O?U† O? : U†¦USO §U†  O?O?U?U†¡O §US O ±U†¡O?O ±USO? O?O?U? O ±U†¡O?O ±US O §O?O?O?U„O §U„US O?O §U„O?O?O ±USU†  O?O?U? U? O?O?U? O ±U†¡O?O ±US U†¦O?O §O ±U?O?US U† USO? U?U†¡ O?O § U?USU?U?US U†¡O §US U† O?O §O ±O? U?U†¦ O?U†¡ O §U† O ¬O §U†¦ U?O?USU?U†¡ U? O?U?O ¬U†¡ O?USO §O? O?U†¡ O ±U?O §O?O · O §U† O?O §U† US O?O ± O?O §O ®U„ O?O §O?U†¦O §U†  U†¡U†¦O ±O §U†¡ O §O?O? O?O ± U†¦O ±O ­U„U†¡ O?O?O? O §O? U†¦USO §U†  U?O §USU?O §U†¡U†¡O §US U‚O?O ±O?O? U‚O?O ±O? O?O ®O µO µUS O?O §U„O?O?O ±USU†  U?O §USU?O §U†¡ U‚O?O ±O? O?O ± O?USU†  U†¦O?USO ±O §U†  U†¦O ­O?U?O? U†¦USO?U?O? ( 21 ) . Lend a better interlingual rendition Dessler ( 1973 ) asserted that many behavioural scientists would believe that participative leading might work more efficaciously than important 1. Participative leaders encourage their staff to acquire involved in the organisation personal businesss.Furthermore, their staff enjoys high spirit.Nevertheless, under important leading, the staff at first has the highest public presentation but shortly after they finally get frustrated. The high school instructors led by participative school principals are psychologically healthy.Staff `involvement in the determination – doing procedure physiques up their fond regard to the organisation. There is minimal supervising and maximal attending paid the persons ‘ relationship in footings of participative leading manner.Additionally, specialised power is the best constituent amongst power bases and the organisation success depends greatly on the per – determined end attainment, direction manner and the direction power.In fact the direction and leading manners facilitate and motivate the staff ‘s public presentation and directly/ indirectly influence their occupations satisfaction and efficiency.Also, the skilled and experient school principals who have scientific thoughts try to scientifically develop the organisation so as to achieve their organisational ends.Of class, the scientific development of the organisation is one of the conspicuous constituents of the modern and originative communities.Studies show that exercising specialised authorization from personal power every bit good as exerting wages from place power shall well convey up creativity.Hence, the findings of the present research can steer the educational system governments in physical instruction class toward taking an appropriate leading and direction manner in order to increase the staff ‘s efficiency and productiveness.Methodology:The method used in the present research of descriptive analytical type and the needed informations sing measuring of the school principal`leadership manner and physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency collected utilizing standard questionnaire. Then the relationship between school principals ‘ leading manner and physical instruction instructor ‘s efficiency/ assessed utilizing SPSS bundle.Of class, we found out that there is no relationship between the school principals `leadership manner and the physical instruction instructor ‘s efficiency. Besides the same can be said about female and male leading manners which have nil to make with the female and male physical instruction instructor ‘s public pre sentation.sample:There were 204 school principals and high school physical instruction instructors from territories 1 and 2 in Manba town of whom 40 were school principals and the other 40 were physical instruction instructors. The samples chosen utilizing random stratified trying Tool: the direction tool was 2 standard questionnaires. The Fidler ‘s standard questionnaire applied to find the school principals ‘ leading manner ( participative- authoritative ) . The questionnaire consisted of 16 eight – point graduated table. The instructor -conducted questionnaire encompassed 20 five – point scale mensurating physical instruction instructors ‘ public presentation by the pupils ( physical instruction instructors ‘ public presentation ) and collected after a pre – determined clip.Then statistical calculation carried out utilizing Kolmogronov Smironov, Pearson and independent T – pupil every bit good as spearman trials.FindingssHaving collected the questionnaires, we began to analyse and find the cogency and relationship in the informations utilizing SPSS and excel sofwares. Table 1 presents the significance degree between school principals`leadership manner and physical instruction instructor ‘s efficiency.The consequences show that there is a important relatio nship between school principals ‘ leading manner and physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency. In add-on, sing the positive and high correlativity coefficient in the information, it was concluded that the more the school principals exercise participative leading manner, the more effectual the physical instruction instructors ‘ public presentation will be. Variables Sample figure Correlation Coefficient Significance Degree Consequence The school principals`leadership manner, female and ale physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency 80 694 % 001 % Significant relationship The male school principals ‘ leading manner and the male physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency 40 735 % 001 % Significant relationship The female school principals ‘ leading physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency 40 594 % 006 % Significant relationship Besides, harmonizing to table 1, the male school principals applied participative manner at the top degree and there is important relationship between both male and female school principals and physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency. Table 2 shows the difference between male and female school principals ‘ leading manner and male and female physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency. Variables Sample Thymine sig Consequence Male school principals ‘ leading manner 20 no important Female school principals ‘ leading manner 20 344 % 733 % Difference between both variables Male physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency 20 497 % 623 % no important difference between both Female physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency 20 Variables The consequences ( table-2 ) indicate that there is no important relationship between male and female school principals school principals`leadership manner.Furthermore both groups particularly, male group benefited much from participative manner.Also, there is no important relationship between both female and male physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency from university grade position. Variables Sample figure Correlation Coefficient sig Consequence The university grade of both male and female school principals ‘ leading manner 40 306 % 55 % No important relationship The university grades of both male and female physical ) , instruction instructors ‘ efficiency 40 405 % 009 % No important relationship There was no relationship between principals `university grade and their leading manner.However, sing the positive correlativity coefficient, it can be said that principals exercise participative manner.Also, the higher educated the physical instruction instructors are, the more efficient their public presentation shall be.DiscussionProductivity in organisations require some specific conditions of which human resources is the most of import one.The organisation success hinges extremely upon attainment of pre – determined ends, direction and exerting suited leading manner by the direction In fact direction and leading manner shall ease and actuate the staff ‘s public presentation and straight / indirectly influence their occupation satisfaction and efficiency. Since an appropriate leading manner ( Court lewin etal ) can convey approximately utile alterations and transmutations in the organisation. The present research tries to mensurate the relationship between the leading manner and physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency.Based upon the several informations analysis it can be said that the more the school principals exercise participative leading manner, the more efficient both male and female physical instruction instructors shall be. Conversely the more the school principals take important manner into history, the less productive their instructors will be.The research findings agree with the findings of Court lewin etal ( 1981 ) and Dessler ( 1998 ) . . Besides, the more principals exert more important leading manner, the more public presentation of physical instruction instructors in both groups will be reduced. Consequences of this survey is consistent with those of Nirumand ( 1999 ) , Mohammadi ( 2005 ) , Ehsan Hashemi ( 2005 ) , Kurt et Al ( 1981 ) and Dessler ( 1998 ) . Physical instruction instructors exhibited better performancethrough participative direction. O § Research consequences of this survey correspond to those of Mohamadi ( 2000 ) Mir Nadery and Nourbakhsh ( 2005 ) Sedagati ( 2005 ) Khavari and Yousefian ( 2007 ) . Both male and female school principals would be willing to exert participative leading manner particularly, here, female school principals would exert more participative manner than their male opposite numbers by 5 % .As a effect, to better the instructors ‘ efficiency, school principals are supposed to exert participative leading manner in their schools.The consequences besides indicate that there is no difference between both male and female physical instruction teachers` efficiency. Additionally, based on the leading manner exercising by the school principals, both groups would execute comparatively the same. The physical instruction instructors worked good when led by the participative school principals. Consequently educational system should develop in -service preparation and specialised classs so as to maintain the physical instruction instructors ‘ standard high.Also it was shown that there was no important relationship between the schools installations and the sc hool principals school principals leading manner.On the other manus it may bespeak that most school principals might miss direction specialisation, that is why they could n't set up an effectual relationship with their instructors. Plus, higher educated school principals would exert participative manner.As a effect, these types of persons shall successfully prosecute an appropriate leading manner and positively better their physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency.The present research findings indicate that exerting participative leading manner consequences in considerable physical instruction instructors ‘ efficiency, whereas the important one proves the contrary. Besides, higher educated school principals and physical instruction instructors enjoy noticeable betterment in their efficiency.